Test 1 (Ch. 1-4)

Question 1

1. Cognition is…
2. includes abilities like …

Answer 1

1. acquiring and processing info about the world in order to make behavioral decisions
2. perception, language, memory

Question 2

fuse of form face area

Answer 2

theory that there is one location in the brain for recognition, there are actually multiple parts of the brain involved

Question 3

The filing drawer problem is

Answer 3

• publishers only publish significant findings (p<.05)
• many labs do an expir and find no sig diff (these go into filing drawer) but one expir finds sig results & is published

Question 4

EX’s of pseudoscience from class

Answer 4

lumosity:
phrenology:
freud:
lie detectors:
graphology

Question 5

cognition is made up of subfield research , including

Answer 5

eyewitness test., decision making, object recognition, language disorders, neuropsych

Question 6

basic research is

Answer 6

research whose goal is to try to understand the world and its phenomena without regard to a specific end-use of this knowledge
o EX: studying why are people color blind

Question 7

applied research is

Answer 7

concerned with the end-goal of developing a solution to a problem
o EX: How can I make the world easier for people who are color blind?
o Video games now have color blind uniform settings so players can ID their team vs enemy

Question 8

AI does…

Answer 8

simulations of brain processes via computers

Question 9

AI is most successful in

Answer 9

if-this-than-that functions, ex: math, chess, manufacturing

Question 10

AI isn’t good at

Answer 10

flexible thinking, ex: chatbot hell

Question 11

Machine learning programs computers to

Answer 11

learn more than what they were originally programmed to do, ie: change their behavior to become better at a task

Question 12

machine learning technique modeled on the brain

Answer 12

artificial neural networks

Question 13

EX’s of invasive neuroscience technique

Answer 13

injecting a person with radioactive tracer then have them do a task; trans-cranial mag stim (TMS)

Question 14

EX of NON-invasive neuroscience tech

Answer 14

EEG, MEG, fNIRS

Question 15

What is the mind-body problem?

Answer 15

What is the connection between the brain and the mind? Is the mind purely a result of the physical brain?

Question 16

Perspectives on the mind-body problem

Answer 16

monism, dualism, pragmatic materialism

Question 17

Monism is…

Answer 17

the brain and the mind are one substance

Question 18

the 3 types of monism are…

Answer 18

a. Physicalism aka materialism
b. Idealism
c. neutral monism

Question 19

Physicalism aka materialism

Answer 19

There is only physical matter. cognition is based in the processes of the physical brain.

Question 20

idealism states…

Answer 20

Only the mind is real, physical reality is mentally constructed. Ex: the matrix

Question 21

3 tenants of neutral monism

Answer 21

-there is only one kind of substance comprising the mind and brain,
-it is neither just physical or mental,
-mind and body are both composed of that same element

Question 22

dualism states…
2 dualist philosophers are…

Answer 22

the mind and the body exist separately / they consist of different substances or properties

ex: Plato (the mind is based on an immortal soul that is more ‘real’ than the physical world.)

ex: René Descartes, the mind and body form two different substance but they interact with one another

Question 23

pragmatic materialism

Answer 23

intelligent behavior can be understood by the workings of the physical brain,

Our inner consciousness (“the feeling of red”) might not be though.

Question 24

structuralism is

Answer 24

founded by Wilhelm Wundt 1876
aimed to break down the complex processes of the brain into its smaller “fundamental elements” via introspection.

Question 25

introspection is

Answer 25

the structuralist technique that trained people to examine their own conscious experiences in terms of fundamental "elements" of consciousness

Question 26

What are 3 challenges to structuralism?

Answer 26

1. Subjective, non-measurable data 2. Lack of possibility for replication 3. Much of our brain activity takes place outside of our awareness

Question 27

what are 3 examples of perception without awareness?

Answer 27

Much of our brain activity takes place outside of our awareness, Ex: -implicit use of grammar -Cortical Blindness & Blindsight -binocular rivalry

Question 28

cortical blindness & blindsight

Answer 28

direct line from eyes to occipital lobe, damage can cause line to be broken, if it is broken "later in the chain" they have unconsciousness vision ex: blind man moved around objects in his path without seeing them

Question 29

binocular rivalry

Answer 29

* We have binocular rivalry with our eyes all the time because our eyes are in different locations on our head * study: blue & red glasses, Consciously they see one image but unconsciously they can see both and use information about both o This is a problem with structuralism because the study above is being done unconsciously

Question 30

Behaviorism was founded by... in the ...

Answer 30

John Watson... early 1900's

Question 31

Behaviorism held that...

Answer 31

in order to become a true science, psychology needed to abandon discussion of internal mental states in favor of objectively observable data. ex: He replaced talk about "mental images," and "memory" with the framework of stimulus and response

Question 32

in psych a stimulus is

Answer 32

anything used in an experiment to stimulate the participant's senses

Question 33

in psych a response is

Answer 33

the behavior that the experimental subject engages in after a stimulus is presented.

Question 34

describe the black box concept

Answer 34

behaviorists were only interested in research based on stimulus & response because they can be objectively observed and measured. This approach ignores how the subject generates the response from the stimulus and instead treats the intervening processes (e.g., the brain) as a "black box" whose workings cannot be investigated. This reflected the lack of understanding at the time of how the brain functioned.

Question 35

Watson derived some of the basic ideas for behaviorism from experiments performed by

Answer 35

Ivan Pavlov (a physiologist)

Question 36

Pavlov discovered a process now called

Answer 36

classical conditioning

Question 37

In classical conditioning...

Answer 37

an involuntary behavior is induced by a stimulus that wouldn’t normally cause such a reaction (salivation at bell ring), because that stimulus was previously paired with a different stimulus that naturally does cause that reaction (salivation at food) Note: involuntary behavior

Question 38

3 stages of classical conditioning

Answer 38

1. Before conditioning: unconditioned stimulus --> unconditioned response / neutral stimulus ---> no conditioned response 2. during conditioning: UCS + NS --> UCR 3. after conditioning: CS (previously NS) --> CR (previously UCR to UCS)

Question 39

did behaviorists believe more in nature or nurture?

Answer 39

nurture (learning / classical conditioning)

Question 40

operant conditioning is...

Answer 40

conditioning that encourages certain behaviors based on rewards or punishments (voluntary behavior)

Question 41

operant conditioning was devised by... using the...

Answer 41

BF Skinner... skinner box