Test 1 (Ch. 1-4) Flashcards
- Cognition is…
- includes abilities like …
- acquiring and processing info about the world in order to make behavioral decisions
- perception, language, memory
fuse of form face area
theory that there is one location in the brain for recognition, there are actually multiple parts of the brain involved
The filing drawer problem is
- publishers only publish significant findings (p<.05)
- many labs do an expir and find no sig diff (these go into filing drawer) but one expir finds sig results & is published
EX’s of pseudoscience from class
lumosity:
phrenology:
freud:
lie detectors:
graphology
cognition is made up of subfield research , including
eyewitness test., decision making, object recognition, language disorders, neuropsych
basic research is
research whose goal is to try to understand the world and its phenomena without regard to a specific end-use of this knowledge
o EX: studying why are people color blind
applied research is
concerned with the end-goal of developing a solution to a problem
o EX: How can I make the world easier for people who are color blind?
o Video games now have color blind uniform settings so players can ID their team vs enemy
AI does…
simulations of brain processes via computers
AI is most successful in
if-this-than-that functions, ex: math, chess, manufacturing
AI isn’t good at
flexible thinking, ex: chatbot hell
Machine learning programs computers to
learn more than what they were originally programmed to do, ie: change their behavior to become better at a task
machine learning technique modeled on the brain
artificial neural networks
EX’s of invasive neuroscience technique
injecting a person with radioactive tracer then have them do a task; trans-cranial mag stim (TMS)
EX of NON-invasive neuroscience tech
EEG, MEG, fNIRS
What is the mind-body problem?
What is the connection between the brain and the mind? Is the mind purely a result of the physical brain?
Perspectives on the mind-body problem
monism, dualism, pragmatic materialism
Monism is…
the brain and the mind are one substance
the 3 types of monism are…
a. Physicalism aka materialism
b. Idealism
c. neutral monism
Physicalism aka materialism
There is only physical matter. cognition is based in the processes of the physical brain.
idealism states…
Only the mind is real, physical reality is mentally constructed. Ex: the matrix
3 tenants of neutral monism
-there is only one kind of substance comprising the mind and brain,
-it is neither just physical or mental,
-mind and body are both composed of that same element
dualism states…
2 dualist philosophers are…
the mind and the body exist separately / they consist of different substances or properties
ex: Plato (the mind is based on an immortal soul that is more ‘real’ than the physical world.)
ex: René Descartes, the mind and body form two different substance but they interact with one another
pragmatic materialism
intelligent behavior can be understood by the workings of the physical brain,
Our inner consciousness (“the feeling of red”) might not be though.
structuralism is
founded by Wilhelm Wundt 1876
aimed to break down the complex processes of the brain into its smaller “fundamental elements” via introspection.
introspection is
the structuralist technique that trained people to examine their own conscious experiences in terms of fundamental “elements” of consciousness
What are 3 challenges to structuralism?
- Subjective, non-measurable data
- Lack of possibility for replication
- Much of our brain activity takes place outside of our awareness
what are 3 examples of perception without awareness?
Much of our brain activity takes place outside of our awareness, Ex:
-implicit use of grammar
-Cortical Blindness & Blindsight
-binocular rivalry
cortical blindness & blindsight
direct line from eyes to occipital lobe, damage can cause line to be broken, if it is broken “later in the chain” they have unconsciousness vision
ex: blind man moved around objects in his path without seeing them
binocular rivalry
- We have binocular rivalry with our eyes all the time because our eyes are in different locations on our head
- study: blue & red glasses, Consciously they see one image but unconsciously they can see both and use information about both
o This is a problem with structuralism because the study above is being done unconsciously
Behaviorism was founded by… in the …
John Watson… early 1900’s
Behaviorism held that…
in order to become a true science, psychology needed to abandon discussion of internal mental states in favor of objectively observable data.
ex: He replaced talk about “mental images,” and “memory” with the framework of stimulus and response
in psych a stimulus is
anything used in an experiment to stimulate the participant’s senses
in psych a response is
the behavior that the experimental subject engages in after a stimulus is presented.
describe the black box concept
behaviorists were only interested in research based on stimulus & response because they can be objectively observed and measured. This approach ignores how the subject generates the response from the stimulus and instead treats the intervening processes (e.g., the brain) as a “black box” whose workings cannot be investigated. This reflected the lack of understanding at the time of how the brain functioned.
Watson derived some of the basic ideas for behaviorism from experiments performed by
Ivan Pavlov (a physiologist)
Pavlov discovered a process now called
classical conditioning
In classical conditioning…
an involuntary behavior is induced by a stimulus that wouldn’t normally cause such a reaction (salivation at bell ring), because that stimulus was previously paired with a different stimulus that naturally does cause that reaction (salivation at food) Note: involuntary behavior
3 stages of classical conditioning
- Before conditioning:
unconditioned stimulus –> unconditioned response /
neutral stimulus —> no conditioned response - during conditioning: UCS + NS –> UCR
- after conditioning: CS (previously NS) –>
CR (previously UCR to UCS)
did behaviorists believe more in nature or nurture?
nurture (learning / classical conditioning)
operant conditioning is…
conditioning that encourages certain behaviors based on rewards or punishments (voluntary behavior)
operant conditioning was devised by… using the…
BF Skinner… skinner box
