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Cognitive Psych > Test 1 (Ch. 1-4) > Flashcards

Test 1 (Ch. 1-4) Flashcards

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1
Q

idealism states…

A

Only the mind is real, physical reality is mentally constructed. Ex: the matrix

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2
Q

3 tenants of neutral monism

A

-there is only one kind of substance comprising the mind and brain,
-it is neither just physical or mental,
-mind and body are both composed of that same element

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3
Q

Major functions of the parietal lobe

A

attention
somatosensory processing
sensory integration

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4
Q

Major functions of the temporal lobe

A

meaning of sensory info
meaning of language
visual memory

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5
Q

Major functions of the frontal lobe

A

executive control
planning

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6
Q

a. EEG is measuring…
b. the temporal reso is _ _ _ _ _, spatial is _ _ _ _ _

A

a. the electrical activity of the active brain that travels through the scalp.
b. temporal is high, spatial is low

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7
Q

a. fMRI is measuring …
b. the temporal reso is _ _ _ _ _, spatial is _ _ _ _ _

A

a. the changes in blood flow between active and relatively less active regions of the brain (BOLD response)
b. high spatial reso, low temporal reso

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8
Q

TMS uses…

A

brief, strong magnetic pulses to temporarily disrupt the electrical activity of the brain.

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9
Q

TMS can tell researchers

A

whether some portion of the brain is causally involved in performing a specific function.

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10
Q

TMS has _ _ _ temporal and _ _ _ spatial resolution

A

high, high

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11
Q

TMS limitations (2)

A

i. Limitations: only works on regions close to the surface of the brain
ii. Cannot pinpoint effect, may generate excitatory or inhibitory behavior in neurons depending on the state of the brain when it is applied

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12
Q

what brain connections are contralateral?

A

Most motor and sensory information connections

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13
Q

what brain connections are ipsilateral?

A

the trunk muscles and facial muscles

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14
Q

Broca’s Aphasia is caused by damage to

A

the inferior (lower) frontal gyrus

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15
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia is due to damage to

A

the superior (upper) temporal gyrus

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16
Q

the right hemi specializes in

A

spatial processing (coordination, navigation)

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17
Q

the left hemi specializes in

A

language

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18
Q

Why is Phineas Gage important for neuropsychology?

A

gave evidence for functional localization

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19
Q

What are the different types of neurons?

A
  1. sensory/ receptor neurons
    2.motor neurons
  2. association neurons
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20
Q

Sensory/ receptor neurons are… they do…

A

the input to the NS; they do transduction

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21
Q

transduction is

A

conversion of info from the physical domain to a neural code

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22
Q

Motor neurons are the… they cause…

A

the output of the NS,
cause muscle contractions/ mvmt

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23
Q

Association neurons

A

send and receive info between neurons & are the Most abundant type of neuron in NS

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24
Q

Neural convergence describes

A

many neurons sending signals to one neuron (a single neuron can be both excited and inhibited at the same time by different neurons)

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25
Q

the horizontal diving mark of the brain is the

A

lateral fissure

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26
Q

the grandmother cell hypothesis is AKA

A

the specificity encoding hypothesis

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27
Q

the sparse coding hypothesis holds that

A

a small number of neurons are active for any given complex stimulus. The particular combination of neurons (not their activation levels) is what allows the brain to identify a specific stimulus. Any neuron likely responds to a fairly small number of people and is silent for most others.

28
Q

Sensation is

A

acquiring and measuring information about the conditions surrounding the body and within the body

29
Q

sensation happens (where)

A

sensory neurons

30
Q

transduction is a part of…

A

the process of sensation

31
Q

Perception is

A

the processing and interpretation of the sensory information into a form that is useful for a behavioral decision

32
Q

perceptions happens (where)

A

in the brain

33
Q

What are the different types of senses?

A

Exteroception: measures and interprets properties of the external environment

and

Interoception: measures properties of our own bodies

34
Q

visual illusions are

A

Rare examples where our brain consistently makes the wrong guess

35
Q

visual illusions work because (3)

A
  1. of the ambiguous nature of sensory stimuli
  2. Our eyes are constantly moving and the image on our eyes is constantly changing.
  3. Our brain has to overcome these changes in order for us to perceive a world that looks stable.
36
Q

visual illusions reveal

A

the underlying ‘guesswork’ of the perceptual system.

37
Q

what happens when you look at bistable images?

A

you can see your brain ‘change its mind’ when you look at them!

38
Q

give an EX of a bi-stable image

A

the necker cube

39
Q

The human eyes purpose is to

A

gather light, focus it, and turn it into a neural signal.

40
Q

Rods have: (5)
low _ _ _ _ _ resolution

A

*High sensitivity
*Low spatial resolution
*Achromatic (no color) vision
*allow sight in low light conditions
*located in the periphery
*low detail perception

41
Q

cones have

A

*Lower sensitivity
*High spatial resolution
*Chromatic (color) vision)
*work best in well lit conditions

42
Q

Where are cones located?

A

Cones are packed into the fovea.

43
Q

Where is the fovea located?

A

center of the retina

44
Q

What does the fovea do?

A

Processes fine detail of the location you are looking at directly,
particularly under good lighting conditions.

45
Q

visual agnosia is

A

person has difficulty recognizing or perceiving one kind of visual stimulus, while maintaining the ability to process other kinds of stimuli.

46
Q

agnosia gives neurological evidence for

A

functional localization

47
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

A difficulty in recognizing individual faces.
* Do not suffer from general visual or memory difficulties.

48
Q

Semantic agnosia

A

can recognize faces, but not everyday objects such as a phone, handbag, etc

49
Q

what did older research find about the fusiform face area?

A

Originally we thought FFA only functioned to recognize faces (evidence of functional localization from brain imaging)

50
Q

what has newer research discovered about the FFA?

A

the FFA is not just concerned with faces but with the ability to discriminate between visually similar stimuli.
Greebles and faces, etc

51
Q

the dorsal stream is concerned with

A

the ‘where’ aspects of visual input

52
Q

The ventral stream is concerned with

A

processing the ’what’ aspects of the visual input

53
Q

Participants with dorsal stream damage had

A

Difficulty comparing the location of an object across trials.

54
Q

participants with ventral stream damage had

A

Difficulty doing a visual matching task: determining whether an object was the same or different across trials.

55
Q

Patient ‘DF’ had ventral damage. Patient X had dorsal damage. The results suggest that these streams process _ _ _ _ _ vs _ _ _ _

A

Dorsal stream: vision for perception
Ventral stream: vision for action

56
Q

Top-down processing

A

Specific knowledge about a particular stimulus contributes to how it is perceived.

57
Q

Bottom-up processing w. EX

A

Does not require any specific knowledge of the stimulus
EX: our mind dividing an image into segments based on edges (sudden changes between light and dark)

58
Q

there is greater binocular disparity

A

when a stimulus is close to the point you are fixating on (disparity lessens as depth increases)

59
Q

Binocular disparity effects

A

depth perception

60
Q

monocular depth cues (2)

A
  1. Occlusion: obj. blocking something is perceived as closer bc the background is assumed to be larger than the foreground
  2. Motion parallax: when we are moving, if obj. is moving slowly, we perceive it as farther away; v. it moving quickly it seems closer
    *Ex: in car, mountains far off move by slowly, tree close to the road moves by quickly
61
Q

Binocular disparity

A

*A diff between info received by each eye
*Closer to eyes, much more disparity between each eye’s info
*Farther away, less diff

62
Q

What does the template theory tell us about object recognition?

A

Template theory is incorrect, we don’t have to have an exact template to match an image to to recognize it, we have feature based recognition (need to rd book)

63
Q

What is the feature-based recognition hypothesis?

A

We recognize objects based on features of the object that remain common across different views and examples
EX: a letter in different fonts

64
Q

View based model hypothesis states

A

our brains identifies objects based on the 2D image they project. We store multiple memories of that object, when we encounter it again the image must be close enough to a learned EX for us to recognize it
(subset of feature-based recognition)

65
Q

Structural model hypothesis states

A

our brains extract 3D features from objects and uses that model to determine what objects will look like under diff. conditions

66
Q

scheme schema suggests

A

that real-world recognition, which often takes place in a familiar setting, may depend a lot on the context.

67
Q
  1. What does scene schema tell us about object recognition?
A

Facilitation effects can be attributed to the fact that people learn which objects tend to appear in particular contexts.

Cognitive Psych (2 decks)

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