Test 1 Ch. 1,2,4,5

Question 1

Two overarching themes concerning organization

Answer 1

1. Central dogma of molecular biology
2. Compartmentalization

Question 2

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 2

DNA —-Transcription/ RNA Transcriptase——> RNA —-Translation/Ribosome—-> Protein

Question 3

Roles of Nucleus

Answer 3

Stores DNA

“Control Center”

Ribosome production

RNA production

Question 4

Roles of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 4

Rough -> Ribosomes

Question 5

Ribosomes?

Answer 5

Responsible for protein synthesis

Translation, folding, protein transport

Question 6

Smooth ER

Answer 6

Lipid and Steroid synthesis

Question 7

Lysosome

Answer 7

• Digestive enzymes
• Low pH 4.8 compared to physiologyical pH (7.2)
  
  • Beneficial for hydrolytic processes

Question 8

Centrioles

Answer 8

Made of microtubules, organize cell and cell division

Question 9

Mitochondria

Answer 9

Produce ATP

Question 10

Vacoules

Answer 10

• Myriad of functions
  
  • Isolate materials
  • Osmotic Balance
  • Storage

Question 11

Golgi Aparatus

Answer 11

Processing and packing biomolecules following synthesis

Question 12

Unique features to plant cells

Answer 12

Cell wall and chloroplasts

Question 13

Who created the first tree of life?

Answer 13

Darwin, in origin of species, it was the only figure in the book.

Question 14

What two rRNA types are used to determine the three evolutionary domains on the (Mangrave) tree of life.

Answer 14

16S and 18S

Question 15

What does LUCA stand for?

Answer 15

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Question 16

What are the two processes that result in the crossing back and forth of the Mangrove tree?

Answer 16

• Endosymbiosis
  
  • Organelles that are size and shape of bacterium
    
    • Have their own genetic material
    • Have their own protein sythesizing machinery
• Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

Question 17

What is the definition of biological evolution?

Answer 17

Change in inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations.

Question 18

Two main mechanisms of biological evolution

Answer 18

1. Natural selection
   
   • Two steps
     
     • 1. Variation (Random)
     • 2. Selection (Most viable offspring survives)
2. Genetic Drift
   
   • Variation (random)

Question 19

Outcomes of biological evolution

Answer 19

• Adaptation
• Co-evolution
• Convergence
• Speciation
• Extinction

Question 20

Does evolution describe the origin of life?

Answer 20

No, that is the domain of abiotic or chemical evolution

Question 21

Practical application of Biological evolution?

Answer 21

• Artificial selection
  
  • Domestication of plants and animals
  • Directed evolution -> evolve proteins
  • in silico
    
    • Program that uses evolution
  • Medicine
    
    • Flu Vaccines
    • Anti-biotic resistance

Question 22

Definition of Thermodynamics?

Answer 22

Study of energy and its effects on matter

Question 23

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 23

Energy is conserved

Question 24

Thermodynamic Definitions:

U

Answer 24

U = internal energy of a system

Question 25

Thermodynamic Definitions:

q

Answer 25

q = Heat (absorbed by system)

(Postitive when system gains heat, but negative when system loses heat)

Question 26

Thermodynamic Definitions:

w

Answer 26

w = work (Work done by the system)

Question 27

Thermodynamic Definitions:

∆U

Answer 27

∆U = U_final – U_initial = q - ω

Question 28

pK Equation

Answer 28

pK = -logK = - log ( [H+] [A-] / [HA] )

Question 29

Henderson - Hasselbach Equation

pH

Answer 29

pH = pK + log ( [A-] / [HA] )

Question 30

A =

Answer 30

Ecl

Question 31

dH = -

dS = +

Answer 31

Spontaneous; exergonic at all temperatures

Question 32

dH = -

dS = -

Answer 32

Spontaneous only when T is below dH/dS

Question 33

dH = +

dS = +

Answer 33

Spontaneous only when temperature is higher than dH/dS

Question 34

dH = +

dS = -

Answer 34

Non-spontaneous; endergonic at all temperatures