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bio 228 > test 1 (ch. 1,2,4,11) > Flashcards

test 1 (ch. 1,2,4,11) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are cells

A

small, membrane enclosed units

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2
Q

what are solitary cells

A

the simplest forms of life

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3
Q

what are multicellular cells

A

communities of cells derived by growth and division from a single cell

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4
Q

life requirements

A
  1. use energy and produce
  2. interact with the environment
  3. reproduce by themselves
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5
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are made from cells
  2. cells are the smallest unit of life
  3. all cells produced from there cells
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6
Q

carbohydrates: monomer and polymer

A

monosaccharide and polysaccharide

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7
Q

proteins: monomer and polymer

A

amino acid and polypeptide

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8
Q

lipids: monomer and polymer

A

fatty acid, glycerol and lipid

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9
Q

nucleic acids: monomer and polymer

A

nucleotide and nucleic acid

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10
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

genetic information carried in DNA molecules

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11
Q

function of proteins

A

determines cell appearance and behavior

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12
Q

what is central dogma

A

relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins make self-replication possible

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13
Q

mutations can change the nucleotide sequence

A

for better (favored) or worse (eliminated), or neutral (tolerated)

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14
Q

what are the types of mutations

A

substitutions, deletions, insertion, inversersions

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15
Q

what do genes provide

A

instructions for the cells form, its function, and its complex behavior

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16
Q

escherichia coli

A

how cells replicate DNA; decoding genetic instructions

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17
Q

saccharomyes cerevisiae

A

budding yeast; basic mechanism of eukaryotic cells cell division cycle

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18
Q

arabidosis thaliana

A

small weeds that grows indoors and reproduces quickly

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19
Q

drosophila melanogaster

A

foundation of classical genetics

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20
Q

caenorhabitis elegans

A

clockwork development with exactly 959 body cells; apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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21
Q

zebrafish

A

vertebrae studies; transparent for first two weeks of life

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22
Q

mouse models

A

mammalian genetics, cell biology

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23
Q

human cells

A

human cells in vitro, clinical studies, and medical databases

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24
Q

cells are chemical systems that what

A

obey physical and chemical laws

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25
Q

what are the most common elements in living organisms

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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26
Q

how many electrons can fit in each shell within an atom

A

innermost shell can hold up to two, the second shell can hold up to eight, the third shell can hold up to 18

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27
Q

what do valence electrons determine

A

how an atom interacts with other atoms

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28
Q

what are the two type of bonds

A

covalent (sharing) and ionic (transferring)

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29
Q

types of covalent bonds

A

single and double

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30
Q

which bonds allow the molecule to rotate freely

A

single bond

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31
Q

which bonds allow the molecule to be shorter and stronger, but less flexible

A

double bonds

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32
Q

electrons are shared unequally, and they will vary in electronegativity strength

A

polar covalent bonds

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33
Q

how do ionic bonds form

A

by the gain and loss of electrons

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34
Q

what is an ion

A

an atom or molecule that has a charge to it because of the loss or gain of electrons

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35
Q

will an ion with a negative charge be attracted to another negative or a positive ion

A

positive

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36
Q

what does a hydrogen bonding form between

A

hydrogen atom and another atom; taking part in a separate covalent bond

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37
Q

are hydrogen bonds strong or weak

A

they are individually weak

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38
Q

when H+ is dissolved in water which on releases it and which one accepts it

A

acids release and bases accept

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39
Q

how many bonds can a carbon atom form

A

four bonds

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40
Q

what are chemical groups

A

atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon backbone

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41
Q

what can carbohydrates be used for

A

energy source, structural materials, and signaling & recognition

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42
Q

all amino acids have what

A

an amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain attached to their a-carbon atom

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43
Q

what are some of the amino acids

A

asparagine, glutamine, serine, tyrosine, alanine, etc

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44
Q

what is ATP

A

energy currency of the cell

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45
Q

what does ATP do

A

energizes many molecules by phosphate group transfers

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46
Q

ATP is synthesized by what

A

ADP and inorganic phosphate and it releases energy when it is hydrolyzed back to ADP and inorganic phosphate

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47
Q

what are amino acids linked together by

A

covalent peptide bonds formed by dehydration reactions

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48
Q

what is denaturing

A

physically unfolding the proteins

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49
Q

amino acids are linked together by _______ _______ ______, which are formed by a ________ ________

A

covalent peptide bonds, dehydration reaction

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50
Q

shape of protein is specified by _______ _______ ________

A

amino acid sequence

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51
Q

backbone and side chain atoms are bonded with ______ bonds

A

noncovalent

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52
Q

the 3 typed of noncovalent bonds in backbones and side chains are

A

electrostatic, hydrogen, van der waals

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53
Q

which noncovalent reaction is between fully charged or polar atoms

A

electrostatic

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54
Q

which noncovalent bond is between atoms in short distances, which have fluctuating electrical charges

A

van der waals

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55
Q

which noncovalent bond is between H and two electron attracting atoms

A

hydrogen

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56
Q

when a protein folds, the ____ side chains form hydrogen ions to water, and the ____ side chains are packed into the hydrophobic core region

A

polar, nonpolar

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57
Q

a proteins backbone to backbone hydrogen bond is between atoms of 2 _____ bonds

A

peptide

58
Q

a proteins backbone to side chain hydrogen bond is between atoms of a ______ _____ and an ______ _______

A

peptide bond, amino acid side chain

59
Q

a proteins side chain to side chain hydrogen bond is between atoms of two ______ ________ ______ _______

A

amino acid side chains

60
Q

protein unfolding is called

A

denaturation

61
Q

_____ proteins can guide the folding of a newly synthesized polypeptide chain

A

chaperone

62
Q

chaperone proteins can also help form _____ ______

A

isolation chambers

63
Q

a backbone model shows ______ ______

A

overall organization

64
Q

a ribbon model shows

A

polypeptide backbone folds

65
Q

a wire model shows positions of _____ ______ ______ ______

A

amnio acid side chains

66
Q

space filling model shows

A

contour map of surface

67
Q

_____ are the result of misfiled proteins

A

prions

68
Q

a proteins _____ structure involves hydrogen bons

A

secondary

69
Q

a proteins _____ structure involves heme and beta polypeptides

A

tertiary

70
Q

a proteins _____ structure involves alpha polypeptides

A

quaternary

71
Q

_____ _____ is an area of packed globular elements

A

protein domain

72
Q

protein domains are made of _____ _____ and ______

A

alpha helices, beta sheets

73
Q

elongates and intracellular describes ______ ____

A

fibrous proteins

74
Q

_____ is extremely strong and holds tissues together

A

collagen

75
Q

_____ forms meshwork and allows recoil

A

elastin

76
Q

n-terminus, also called the

A

amino terminus

77
Q

c-terminus, also called the

A

carboxyl terminus

78
Q

what are cells enclosed by

A

plasma membrane

79
Q

each type of protein has a unique amino acid sequence which determines what

A

its three-dimesional shape and biological activity

80
Q
A
81
Q

what did Hans and Janssen do

A

make the first microscope by placing two lenses in a tube

82
Q

what did leeuwenhoek do

A

he was the first to describe cells and bacteria

83
Q

what did zernike do

A

he invented phase-contrast microscope that allows the study of colorless and transparent biological materials

84
Q

what is ruska do

A

he develops the electron microscope

85
Q

what are some membrane functions

A
  • selective diffusion barrier
  • excitation and conduction
  • electrical insulation
86
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

A protein-studded, fatty film so thin it can’t be seen directly in a light microscope

87
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane

A

Two ply sheets of lipid molecules about 5nm or 50 atoms thick

88
Q

eukaryotic cells also contain ______ _____ that enclose intracellular compartments

A

internal membranes

89
Q

lipids are arranged in two closely apposed sheets, forming a _____ ______

A

lipid bilayer

90
Q

what does a lipid bilayer do

A

serves as a permeability barrier to most water soluble molecules, while the protein embedded within it carry out the other functions of the membrane

91
Q

true or false: lipid bilayers are soluble in water

A

false; although they do dissolve readily in organic solvents such as benzene

92
Q

each lipid has a _______ head and a ______ tail

A

hydrophilic (water loving), hydrophobic (water fearing)

93
Q

the most abundant lipids in cell membranes are the ______

A

phospholipids

94
Q

what does amphipathic mean

A

molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

95
Q

examples of amphipathic

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids

96
Q

why do hydrophilic molecules dissolve readily in water

A

bc they contain either charged groups or uncharged polar groups that can form electrostatic attractions or hydrogen bond with water molecules

97
Q

why are hydrophobic molecules insoluble in water

A

bc their atoms are uncharged and nonpolar

98
Q

what are synthetic bilayers used for

A

used to study the way lipids move

99
Q

what does transverse occur

A

(flip-flop) occurs through the transfer of phospholipid molecule from one bilayer leaflet to the other

100
Q

what does lateral diffusion occur

A

occurs through the pairwise exchange of neighboring phospholipid molecule in the same bilayer leaflet

101
Q

the fluidity of a lipid bilayer depends on what

A

it composition (closer and more regular the packing of the tails = more viscous and less fluid)(more double bonds = less packed)(shorter tails = less interaction=more fluid)

102
Q

how many carbon atoms is the most common in hydrocarbon tails of membrane phospholipids

A

18-20

103
Q

the fluidity of a cell membrane =

A

the ease with which its lipid molecules move within the plane of the bilayer

104
Q

what makes a hydrocarbon tail saturated

A

no double bonds and has a full complement of hydrogen atoms

105
Q

in animal cells, membrane fluidity is modulated by the inclusion of the sterol ____

A

cholesterol

106
Q

why is membrane fluidity important

A

enables many membrane proteins to diffuse rapidly, cell signaling, ensures membrane molecules are distributed evenly between daughter cells when a cell divides

107
Q

the golgi membrane contains another family of phospholipid-handling transporters, called _______

A

flipase

108
Q

what does flippase do

A

removes specific phospholipids from the side of the bilayer facing the exterior space and flip them into the monolayer that faces the cytosol

109
Q

where the cytosolic monolayer face

A

the cytosol (inside)

110
Q

where does the noncytosolic monolayer face

A

either the cell exterior (in case of the plasma membrane) or the interior space (lumen) (outside)

111
Q

among lipids, those that show the most dramatically lopsided distribution in cell membranes are the ____

A

glycolipids, (which are located mainly in the plasma membrane, and only in the nonsytosolic half of the bilayer)

112
Q

membrane assembly

A
  1. fatty acid attached to Co-A
  2. fatty acids bind glycerol 3-phosphate
  3. inserted in membrane leaflet
  4. phosphate removed
  5. polar head attached to glycerol
113
Q

most membrane functions are carried out by ______

A

membrane proteins

114
Q

transporters (protein example and specific function)

A

Na+ pump - actively pumps Na+ out of the cells and K+ into the cells

115
Q

ion channels (protein example and specific function)

A

K+ leak channel - allows K+ ions to leave cells, thereby influencing cell excitability

116
Q

anchors (protein example and specific function)

A

integrins - link intracellular actin filaments to extracellular matrix proteins

117
Q

receptors (protein example and specific function)

A

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor - binds extracellular PDGF and, as a consequence, generates intracellular signals that direct the cell to grow and divide

118
Q

enzymes (protein example and specific function)

A

adenylyl cyclase - catalyzes the production of the small intracellular signaling and molecule cyclic AMP in response to extracellular

119
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

extends through bilayer and amphipathic

120
Q

monolayer-associated protein

A

cytosolic half of membrane and amhipathic a-helix

121
Q

lipid linked protein

A

outside the bilayer, ec or cytosolic and anchored by covalently attached lipid

122
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attached to other membrane proteins and via weak noncovalent interactions

123
Q

integral membrane proteins vs peripheral mem proteins

A

ip: can be released only by disrupting the membrane with detergents
pp: can be released from membrane by gentle extraction

124
Q

what is the spectrum tetramers made of

A

linked spectrum dimers and actin molecules link = forming a mesh network

125
Q

the network from linked spectrum dimers are attached to what

A

the plasma membrane

126
Q

single-particle tracking microscopy

A

label and follow individual or small clusters of molecules

127
Q

subatomic particles

A

protons (+), neutrons (no charge), electrons (-)

128
Q

what is the atomic number

A

the number of protons in an atom

129
Q

number of electrons equals what

A

the atomic number

130
Q

what are isotopes

A

atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons (same atomic numbers/different mass numbers)

131
Q

what are polar covalent bonds

A

electrons shared unequally (different electronegativites)

132
Q

electronegativity of elements most to least

A

oxygen (3.44)
nitrogen (2.55)
carbon (2.2)
hydrogen (3.04)

133
Q

when blood pH rises, _______ ______ dissociates to form bicarbonate and H+

A

carbonic acid

134
Q

when blood pH drops, _______ binds H+ to form carbonic acid

A

bicarbonate

135
Q

each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to

A

four atoms

136
Q

what are chemical groups

A

atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon backbone

137
Q

what is the macromolecule, bond and other important information of the monomer sugars (monosaccharides)

A

macromolecule: polysaccharides
bond: glycosidic bonds
info: energy storage, structure

138
Q

what is the macromolecule, bond and other important information of the monomer fatty acids

A

macromolecule: phospholipids
bond: ester bond
info: hydrophobic (lipids), amphipathic - phospholipids (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails)

139
Q

what is the macromolecule, bond and other important information of the monomer amino acid

A

macromolecule:proteins
bond: peptide
info: directional - n terminus (amino acid side) c terminus (carboxyl group side)

140
Q

what is the macromolecule, bond and other important information of the monomer nucleotide

A

macromolecule: polysaccharides
bond: glycosidic bonds
info: energy storage, structure

bio 228 (2 decks)

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