Test 1: Cells

Question 1

3 Domains of life are…

Answer 1

1. Archae
2. Bacteria
3. Eukarya

Question 2

The characteristic of life most interesting to biologists is ___ because it is related to its ____.

Answer 2

Organization; Function

Question 3

In single-celled organisms, the cell must perform ))) functions required to keep the organism alive. They are also called ____.

Answer 3

All; Generalists

Question 4

Multi-celled Organisms are ____.

Answer 4

Specialized

Question 5

The cells of multi-celled organisms vary according to function, which is determined by _______ for specialized tasks.

Answer 5

Different proportions of organelles and structure

Question 6

Cell biologists use ____ to learn about the connection between structure and function.

Answer 6

specialized cells

Question 7

What are 5 MYA dates that relate to cellular evolution? The biggest developments?

Answer 7

1. 4.5 BYA: Earth forms
2. 3.5 BYA: 1st organism appear
3. 2.7 BYA: Oxygen Crisis and Aerobicism
4. 1.5 BYA: Eukaryotes appear
5. 1.2 BYA: Multicellularity appear

Question 8

What happened 4.5 BYA?

Answer 8

Earth formed.

Question 9

What happened 3.5 BYA?

Answer 9

1st organism appear

Question 10

The first organisms appeared ____. They were ___ and ___.

Answer 10

3.5 BYA; prokaryote and anaerobic

Question 11

What happened 2.7 BYA? (2)

Answer 11

Oxygen Crisis and rise of aerobiticism

Question 12

Explain what the process that caused the Oxygen Crisis is. What organisms was it developed by? Why was it problematic?

Answer 12

Oxygenic photosynthesis. By anaerobic prokaryotes. O2 was poisonous to most organisms.

Question 13

What two kinds of organisms survived OC? How?

Answer 13

1. Aerobes or Facultative Aerobe

2. Anaerobes in anaerobic environments (deep water)

Question 14

What happened 1.5 BYA?

Answer 14

Eukaryotes appear

Question 15

Explain Endosymbiosis.

Answer 15

Pre-eukaryotes (anaerobic) feeds on smaller prokaryotes (aerobic), but does not digest it. Symbiosis developed.

Question 16

Explain the benefits for both sides of Endosymbiosis. (2 each)

Answer 16

1. Pre-eukaryote got: O2 protection and ATP production

2. Pre-mitochondria/chloroplast got: Shelter and easy access to food.

Question 17

What are 3 proofs for Endosymbiosis?

Answer 17

1. Mitochondria and chloroplast have double membrane like bacteria
2. M and C have own circular genome like bacteria
3. M and C have own ribosome like bacteria

Question 18

Symbiosis became permanent when…

Answer 18

bacterial genome partly moved to nucleus.

Question 19

What happened 1.2 BYA?

Answer 19

Multicellularity developed.

Question 20

Two stages in multicellularity developments are … (2). Give example of the second one.

Answer 20

1. Colonial organisms due to incomplete septation.

2. Social organisms that exist as single or multiple cells. (ex. D. discoideum)

Question 21

3 things required for multicellularity are…

Answer 21

1. Adhesion
2. Communication
3. Differentiation (leads to specialization)

Question 22

Pro and Con of Multicellularity?

Answer 22

Pro: Efficiency
Con: Dependency

Question 23

What is the Central Dogma? What relates each parts? (4)

Answer 23

DNA to RNA to Protein

1. DNA to DNA: Replication
2. DNA to RNA: Transcription
3. RNA to DNA: Reverse Transcription
4. RNA to Protein: Translation

Question 24

All cell sin a single organism have the ___ DNA because…

Answer 24

same; same organism

Question 25

All cells in a single organism have the ___ RNA because...

Answer 25

different; diferential transcription of RNA

Question 26

All cells in a single organism have the ___ proteins because...

Answer 26

different; different RNA

Question 27

What provides structure and hence function for organism?

Answer 27

Protein