Test 1: Cells Flashcards
3 Domains of life are…
- Archae
- Bacteria
- Eukarya
The characteristic of life most interesting to biologists is ___ because it is related to its ____.
Organization; Function
In single-celled organisms, the cell must perform ))) functions required to keep the organism alive. They are also called ____.
All; Generalists
Multi-celled Organisms are ____.
Specialized
The cells of multi-celled organisms vary according to function, which is determined by _______ for specialized tasks.
Different proportions of organelles and structure
Cell biologists use ____ to learn about the connection between structure and function.
specialized cells
What are 5 MYA dates that relate to cellular evolution? The biggest developments?
- 4.5 BYA: Earth forms
- 3.5 BYA: 1st organism appear
- 2.7 BYA: Oxygen Crisis and Aerobicism
- 1.5 BYA: Eukaryotes appear
- 1.2 BYA: Multicellularity appear
What happened 4.5 BYA?
Earth formed.
What happened 3.5 BYA?
1st organism appear
The first organisms appeared ____. They were ___ and ___.
3.5 BYA; prokaryote and anaerobic
What happened 2.7 BYA? (2)
Oxygen Crisis and rise of aerobiticism
Explain what the process that caused the Oxygen Crisis is. What organisms was it developed by? Why was it problematic?
Oxygenic photosynthesis. By anaerobic prokaryotes. O2 was poisonous to most organisms.
What two kinds of organisms survived OC? How?
- Aerobes or Facultative Aerobe
2. Anaerobes in anaerobic environments (deep water)
What happened 1.5 BYA?
Eukaryotes appear
Explain Endosymbiosis.
Pre-eukaryotes (anaerobic) feeds on smaller prokaryotes (aerobic), but does not digest it. Symbiosis developed.
Explain the benefits for both sides of Endosymbiosis. (2 each)
- Pre-eukaryote got: O2 protection and ATP production
2. Pre-mitochondria/chloroplast got: Shelter and easy access to food.
What are 3 proofs for Endosymbiosis?
- Mitochondria and chloroplast have double membrane like bacteria
- M and C have own circular genome like bacteria
- M and C have own ribosome like bacteria
Symbiosis became permanent when…
bacterial genome partly moved to nucleus.
What happened 1.2 BYA?
Multicellularity developed.
Two stages in multicellularity developments are … (2). Give example of the second one.
- Colonial organisms due to incomplete septation.
2. Social organisms that exist as single or multiple cells. (ex. D. discoideum)
3 things required for multicellularity are…
- Adhesion
- Communication
- Differentiation (leads to specialization)
Pro and Con of Multicellularity?
Pro: Efficiency
Con: Dependency
What is the Central Dogma? What relates each parts? (4)
DNA to RNA to Protein
- DNA to DNA: Replication
- DNA to RNA: Transcription
- RNA to DNA: Reverse Transcription
- RNA to Protein: Translation
All cell sin a single organism have the ___ DNA because…
same; same organism
All cells in a single organism have the ___ RNA because…
different; diferential transcription of RNA
All cells in a single organism have the ___ proteins because…
different; different RNA
What provides structure and hence function for organism?
Protein
