Test 1- cancer Flashcards
Our bodies ability to reproduce cells, to grow cells, and to stop when appropriate
Cellular regulation
Continued growth vs set growth (cellular regulation)
Continued -Hair, nose, skin, lining of organs and mucus membranes, bone marrow, constant damage and wear and tear
Set- Heart, lungs, skeletal muscle, neurons, etc, will stop growing when it’s time
Cells look and act like the cells from which they came from - will stay that way until apoptosis (death)
Normal cell growth
When normal cells are damaged
Scar tissue replaces normal cell growth when damaged
How our body keeps things in check, when to create new cells, how big to grow and when to stop growing
Cellular regulation
Each cell is divided into identical original cells- until death apoptosis
Mitosis
Normal Cell growth specific role in morphology ?
Divide to look like themselves,
act like themselves,
highly differentiated,
do not migrate,
growth is orderly
well regulated
How do cells know when to stop growing ?
Oncogene (start growth)
and suppressor genes, contact inhibition (stops growing when it touches something else),
Apoptosis (programmed cell death,)
Euploidy (set number of chromosomes)
Look normal but grow at wrong rate, time, location
Examples moles, uterine fibroids, skin tags, endometriosis
Benign cell growth
Characteristics of benign tumor cells
Retain specific morphology
Can retain function
Right adherence to each other
Tend to be encapsulated -right clump
Does not invade into surrounding tissues
Usually Grow locally and organized manor- easy to remove (example- endometriosis)
Grows orderly : even though the growth isn’t needed or is in the wrong place, the rate of growth is normal
Abnormal growth serves no purpose, harmful to other body tissues
Malignant cell growth
Characteristics of malignant tumor cells *
Aneuploidy (abnormal chromosomes)
Anaplasia (loss of appearance)
Uncontrolled division
Loss of specific function
Migration and loss of differentiation (no clear borders and can spread to other areas of body)
Lose ability to regulate themselves (It lost ability to recognize when it touches another cell stop growing) lost contact inhibition
Lost cell shape and function
Metastasize through tissue or blood stream
Poor cell differentiation, lose their characteristics and what makes them them.
Lose orientation to other cells and loses contact inhibition (unable to act as normal)
Anaplastic
defined as group of diseases characterized by abnormal growth and spread of cells
Cell regulation is out of control
Cancer
Most common cancers
Breast Lung Colon Prostate Melanoma
Pathophysiology of cancer
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Metastasis
Stage of cancer where normal cells lose cellular regulation
Exposure to carcinogens (chemicals, physical agents, viruses) -these initiate
Latent period
Irreversible and CAN lead to cancer (not all cells will lead to cancer but it has the potential)
Initiation
Stage of cancer where enhances growth of initiated cell occurs
Example: Insulin and estrogen, stress in body
Promotion
Stage of cancer where continues to change , more malignant over time, primary tumor (where ever the tumor started)- can cause death if located in vital organ and interfering with performance
If in non-vital organ such as breast it can grow very large without causing death
Progression
Stage of cancer where cells move from primary location
Primary tumors but in a new location example- breast cancer with liver _________
Occurs in local, surrounding tissues , and or blood/lymph borne
Spread into primary organ? - can cause death
Secondary or metastatic tumors
Table 21-5
describes the size of a tumour and how far it has spread from where it originated.
Extent of tumor or extent of spread
TNM
The lower this is the greater the chance of survival
Staging
Tumor node metastasis
The degree of malignancy
describes the appearance of the cancerous cells.
Helps with determining prognosis and appropriate therapy
How different have the cells become?
Grading
Always referred to by stage at diagnosis, even if it gets worse or spreads
TNM
- refers to size and extent of main tumor
- Number of lymph nodes affected
- Whether it has metastasized
TNM
Example - T1N0M1 (small primary tumor, no lymph, Mets can’t be measured
Primary Tumor (T)
Tx
To
T is
T1, T2, T3, T4
Tx- primary tumor can not be assessed
T o- no evidence of primary tumor
Tis- carcinoma in site
T1, t2, t3 t4- increasing size and or local extent of the primary tumor. T1 is small tumor and t4 is large
Regional lymph nodes (n)
Nx-
No-
N1, N2 , N3-
Nx- Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
No- No regional lymph node metastasis
N1, N2 , N3-Increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes, how many nodes affected
Distant metastasis (m)
Mx -
Mo
M1
Mx- presence of distant metastasis cannot be assessed (none)
Mo-No distant metastasis (where it started)
M1- distant metastasis(liver cancer spread to Brian)
How to define the progressive spread of intestinal cancer and it’s invasion into surrounding tissues
Staging
Carcinoma in situ (means cancer in place)
The cancer cells have not yet invaded into surrounding tissues, without envision the tumor can’t spread in the cure rate is 100%
What stage?
Stage 0
Stage?
The primary tumor is small but invasive into surrounding tissues and has not spread
Stage 1
Stage?
The primary tumor is larger, but there is still no clinical evidence of spread
Stage 2
Stage?
The tumor has spread to lymph nodes plans (also called lymph nodes) In that region of the body
Stage 3
Stage?
The Cancer has spread beyond the region where it has initiated to a distant tissue or organ
Stage 4
Five stages of grading?
1- nearly normal cells
2- Some abnormal cells loosely packed
3-Many abnormal cells
4- very few abnormal cells left
5- completely abnormal cells
