Test 1: Bone Healing

Question 1

What provides the long bones with blood in

the mature animal?

Answer 1

Principle nutrient artery

Metaphyseal arteries and Periosteal arteries

Question 2

What provides the blood supply to the long bones

in an immature animal?

Answer 2

Epiphyseal arteries

Metaphyseal arteries

Question 3

What supplies fractured long bones with blood?

Answer 3

Newly developed extraosseous blood supply

Question 4

Healing by intermediate callus formation

Answer 4

Indirect healing

Question 5

healing by primary osteonal reconstruction

Answer 5

Direct healing

Question 6

What are the steps of indirect healing?

Answer 6

Inflammation

Repair

Remodeling

Question 7

What are the types of direct healing?

Answer 7

Contact healing

Gap healing

Question 8

If the gap between fracture fragments is

greater than 1 mm

this type of healing occurs

Answer 8

indirect healing

Question 9

If the gap between fracture fragments is

less than 0.01 mm

what type of healing occurs?

Answer 9

Direct CONTACT healing

Question 10

If the gap between fracture fragments is

less than 1 mm

what type of healing occurs?

Answer 10

Direct GAP healing

Question 11

In what stage of indirect healing does

the extraosseous blood supply develop?

Answer 11

Inflammatory Stage (1)

Question 12

In what stage of indirect healing does

a clot develop at the fracture site?

Answer 12

Inflammatory stage (1)

Question 13

In what stage of indirect healing does

the clot change into granulation tissue

by action of mononuclear cells and fibroblasts?

Answer 13

Repair stage (2)

Question 14

In the repair stage of indirect healing, trace the

clot transformation through the formation of

a bony union

Answer 14

Clot –> Granulation tissue –>Soft callus –> Medullary and external callus (fibrocartilage) –> hard callus–>

Bony union

Question 15

What stage of indirect healing is governed by

Wolff’s Law?

Answer 15

Remodeling Stage (3)

Question 16

Which method of direct bone healing results in

lamellar bone oriented in the normal axial direction?

Answer 16

Contact healing

Question 17

Which method of direct healing is characterized

by simultaneous bony union and remodeling?

Answer 17

Contact Healing

Question 18

Which method of direct bone healing is characterized by lamellar bone deposition in the perpendicular

direction first, and 3-8 weeks later, lamellar bone deposition longitudinally oriented?

Answer 18

Gap healing

Question 19

In what type of bone healing

does bridging of the fracture site occur before union of the cortical shell? This type does NOT heal by callus formation and is characterized by

woven bone deposition.

Answer 19

Healing of Cancellous/Trabecular bone

Question 20

What type of fracture occurs because the area is weaker than surrounding bone?

Answer 20

Physeal bone fracture

Question 21

In a physeal bone fracture,

how will a fracture in the

Zone of Hypertrophy heal?

Answer 21

Will heal by

continued growth of physeal cartilage

Question 22

In a physeal bone fracture,

how will a fracture in the

Zone of Proliferation heal?

Answer 22

Will heal by

endochondral ossification

Question 23

How will a bone plate implant heal?

Answer 23

Direct healing (contact or gap)

Question 24

What is the only type of implant that can heal

via direct bone healing?

Answer 24

Bone plate implant

Question 25

Which type of implant has no significant disruption of blood supply unless loose?

Answer 25

Cerclage wires and external fixator

Question 26

Under what circumstances is a bone graft indicated?

Answer 26

Comminuted fractures Fractures with bone loss Delayed or nonunion fractures Arthrodeses (artificial induction of joint ossification between two bones via surgery)

Question 27

A bone graft from another individual of the same species

Answer 27

Allograph

Question 28

Bone graft from an individual of a different species

Answer 28

Xenograft

Question 29

What is considered the GOLD STANDARD for bone grafts?

Answer 29

Autogenous Cancellous bone graft

Question 30

Which type of bone graft is readily available as frozen chips or powder, and has no osteogenic properties?

Answer 30

Allograph Cancellous bone graft

Question 31

Which type of cancellous bone graft promotes osteogenesis, osteoinduction and osteoconduction (on a lesser level)?

Answer 31

Autogenous Cancellous bone graft

Question 32

What type of bone graft provides immediate mechanical support?

Answer 32

Cortical-Cancellous bone graft

Question 33

Which type of bone graft is indicated for highly comminuted fractures and for bone tumors?

Answer 33

Cortical bone grafts

Question 34

Which bone graft has the best mechanical support and is osteoconductive only?

Answer 34

Cortical bone grafts

Question 35

Laying down new bone by **osteoblasts**

Answer 35

Osteogenesis

Question 36

Recruitment of host **mesenchymal cells** to form new bone or osteogenesis

Answer 36

Osteoinduction

Question 37

Providing a scaffold for growth of new bone

Answer 37

Osteoconduction