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Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Supraorbital torus

A

“Brow Ridge”

  • Not very defined in humans
  • Seen more often in males
  • Not seen in Pongo, who have “rims”
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2
Q

Parietal Bones

A

Largest in the skull, paired

Parietal bones bulge out to the sides in humans & are vertically oriented

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3
Q

Inferior & superior tempral line

A

Inferior temporal line connects to the temporaral muscle

If the inferior and superior lines meet, they will start growing upwards, forming a sagittal crest

Sagittal crests are not seen in humans

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4
Q

Anterior nasal spine

A

Pointy bit at the bottom of the nasal aperture

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5
Q

Mental eminence

A

Chin on humans

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6
Q

Corpus

A

Body of the mandible that contains the teeth

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7
Q

Ramus

A

“Upward” part of the mandible that attaches to the glenoid fossa in the cranium

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8
Q

Zygomatic arch

A

Connects the zygomatic bone with the temporal bone

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9
Q

Glenoid fossa

A

Joint surface of the temporal bone which attaches to the ramus

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10
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

Suture connecting the parietal and the occipital

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11
Q

External occipital protuberance

A

Bump on the posterior side of the occipital bone; only present in males

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12
Q

Postorbital constriction

A

A “pinching” of the braincase behind the orbits; present on non-human apes

Demonstrated by looking at a cranium from the anterior side - if you cannot see the braincase, the species exhibits postorbital constriction

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13
Q

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

Joint where the temporal bone and the mandible “attach”

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14
Q

Occipital condyles

A

Two condyles on either side of the foramen magnum

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15
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Hole into which the cervical vertebrae attach

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16
Q

Palate

A

Roof of the mouth - formed by the two maxillary bones in humans, also the premaxilla in all other primates

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17
Q

Premaxilla

A

Third bone which forms the front of the palate in all non-human primates

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18
Q

Ape dental formula

A

2:1:2:3

_______

2:1:2:3

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19
Q

Tooth nomenclature

A

P1 & P2 are generally referred to as P3 & P4 - this is becasue primates used to have 4 premolars

Upper jaw uses a superscript (e.g. M1)

Lower jaw uses a subscript (e.g. M1)

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20
Q

Enamel

A

The hardest substance produced by the body, protects the underlying dentine

  • Endures wear
  • Resists crushing forces
  • Gets the process of digestion started

Formed from carbonated hydroxyapatite

Low organic content and high crystallinity means this fossilized readily

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21
Q

M2 Occlusal morphology

A

Normally follows the Y-5 pattern, except in humans where the hypoconulid is often missing

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22
Q

Accessory cusps

A

Cusp that is additional to the ones normally present on a tooth

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23
Q

Crista obliqua

A

Ridge which runs between the protocone and metacone on the maxillary molars

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24
Q

Trigon

A

On the maxillary molars

Paracone, protocone, metacone - essentially a triangle drawn between the three

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25
Talon
On the maxillary molars, the hypocone
26
Occlusal morphology of the premolars
Mandibular P3 principally has the protoconid, but occasionally a little development of the metaconid; this allows the maxillary canine to rub against it In humans, the P3 is more symmetrical Mandibular P4s have two cusps (presumably the protoconid and metaconid)
27
Tooth morphology - frugivores
I.e. *Pan, Homo* * Large front teeth * Low, rounded cusps * Broad, shallow basins
28
Tooth morphology - hard object feeders
I.e. *Pongo* * Thick enamel - leads to crenulations * Flat wear * Large molars and premolars * Large incisors (peel off shells) * Decussation
29
Tooth morphology - folivores
I.e. *Gorilla* * Small front teeth * Tall, pointy cusps * Deep basins
30
Microwear
Microscopic wear on teeth that can be indicative of diet
31
Microwear - striations
Long lines gouged into the teeth - related to folivory
32
Microwear - pitting
Holes in the tooth - results from frugivory (especially of hard fruits)
33
Stable isotopes (teeth)
Isotopes of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen allow us to infer: * Trophic level * Location and ecology * Seasonality * Water availability
34
Cervical vertebrae
There are 7 of them - C1 is atlas, C2 is axis Essentially hold up the head - they are the neck
35
Thoracic vertebrae
There are usually 12 in humans, but there is often 1 more in non-human apes Their job is essentially to hold up the ribcage
36
Lumbar vertebrae
Humans have 5 of them; apes tend to have 1-2 fewer Bear a lot of weight in humans, making them very robust
37
Carpals
"Wrist bones" Humans & African apes have 8 Pongo has 9
38
Clavicle
collar bone
39
Sternum
Medial portion of the ribcage, ribs are attached to it by cartilage (all except the last ones)
40
Scapula
Shoulder blade It, along with the clavicle, rotates along with the forelimb when we raise it above our heads
41
Os coxae
AKA innominate Hip bones, serve as a link between the spine and the lower limbs
42
Ilium
Uppermost part of the os coxa
43
Ischium
Bottom part of the os coxa, loops around to connect the ilium and the pubis
44
Pubis
Front part of the os coxa
45
Sacrum
Fused vertebrae that help transmit weight from the lumbar vertebrae to the os coxae (and therefore the lower limbs)
46
Coccyx
Vestigeal tail bones
47
Humerus
Bone of the upper arm, spans shoulder-elbow
48
Humeral head
"Ball" on the proximal end of the humerus that articulates with the scapula, forming the shoulder joint
49
Trochlea
Spool-like area at the distal end of the humerus that articulates with the ulna, forming the elbow joint
50
Capitulum
Process at the distal end of the humerus that articulates with the radius, allowing for rotation of the forelimb
51
Ulna
Wrench-shaped bone that articulates with the distal end of the humerus, allows for flexion and extension of the elbow
52
Radius
Articulates with the humerus and allows for the rotation of the forelimb; disc-shaped at the proximal end
53
Styloid processes
Projections at the distal ends of the ulna and radius, which prevent extreme medial-lateral motion of the carpal bones
54
Metacarpals
Bones that make up the fleshy part of the hand 5 of them
55
Phalanges
Fingers! 2 on the thumb (firt digit), 3 per finger for digits 2-5
56
Greater & lesser tubercles
Proximal end of the humerus, connect to the shoulder muscles
57
Bicipital Groove
Groover in between the greater & lesser tubercles, serves as an attachment for the bicep
58
Femur
Thigh bone - extends from the acetabulum to the tibia/fibula
59
Femoral head
Inserts into the acetabulum; large & robust, allowing for a secure joint
60
Greater & lesser trochanter
Processes on the proximal end of the femur - muscle attachment sites
61
Femoral condyles
Distal end of the femur; help faciliate movement and weight distribution through the knee
62
Tibia
Shin bone, larger bone of the lower half of the leg/hindlimb; bears weight
63
Fibula
Smaller bone on the lower half of the hindlimb; not generally used for weight bearing, but for muscle attachment
64
Malleolus
Mirror ones on both the tibia and fibula; prevent medial-lateral movement of the ankle
65
Tibial plateau
Flat surface that allows for weight absorption
66
Tarsals
Ankle & heel of the foot; very large & blocky in humans
67
Metatarsals
Fleshy part of the foot
68
Lateralization
Portions of the cerebrum are specialized for certain things E.g. left side of the cerebrum controls the right side of the body Specialized higher functions (language, music, geometry, math) are also lateralized
69
Complexity of the human brain
Highly convoluted cortex, meaning more surface area in relative to the volume Highly interconnected
70
Cerebrum
Larger portion of the brain (the majority of it) - controls muscle movements, senses, memory, speech, etc.
71
Cerebellum
Smaller portion of the brain located by the brain stem - coordinates movement
72
Somatosensory cortex
Located in the parietal lobe of the brain Main receptive area for the sense of touch
73
Motor cortex
Located on the posterior portion of the frontal lobe of the brain Controls for movement of different areas of the body
74
Somatosensory and motor cortexes
Are located adjacent to one another, and the regions controlling for specific body parts match up with one another across both cortexes
75
Broca's area
Area of the brain involved in the mechanics of language (such as grammar) A person with Broca's aphasia can understand language perfectly well but does not have the ability to form comprehensible sentences
76
Wernicke's area
Located spanning the parietal and temporal lobes Is involved in the comprehension of language
77
Encephalization in humans
Human brains are about 5x the size of a "typical" mammal of the same size
78
Age of M1 emergence
Important tool in paleoanthropology because it corresponds to a bunch of life history variables: * Brain size * Life span * Age at menarche * Number of offspring * Age at weaning For this, you need an intact M1 (meaning no wear) - essentially, an individual that died just as the tooth was emerging
79
Menarche
Age at which females can reproduce
80
Striae of Retzius
Growth lines in tooth enamel - indicate periods of growth Form every 6-14 days in hominoids
81
Cross Striations
Smaller growth lines that happen on a circadian rhythm - allow us to determine the periodocity of Retzius lines
82
Perikymata
The representation of striae of retzius visible on the outside of a tooth Widely spread at apex and compacted together at the cervix
83
Canine fossa
Small holes under the orbits, next to the nasal aperture
84
Sexing non-monomorphic apes
Although robusticity and cresting can be very good indicators, the best thing to look for is the size of the canines In males, the canines will project significantly farther past the occlusal surface than in females
85
Mesial
Towards the midline (teeth)
86
Medial
Towards the midline (general anatomy)
87
Distal (teeth)
Towards the back of the mouth
88
Buccal
Towards the cheek
89
Lingual
Towards the tongue
90
Cervix
Where the enamel reaches the gum
91
Apex
First-formed part of the enamel, on the cusps
92
Occlusal surface
Chewing surface
93
Circadian Rhythm
Events that are timed to an approximately 24-hour period
94
Linear Enamel Hypoplasia (LEH)
Periods during which enamel didn't form properly, causing large dips in the enamel present on the tooth surface - basically extended retzius lines Evidence of physiological stress, such as famine/disease/seasonality There is often a LEH marking weaning
95
Enamel-Dentine Junction (EDJ)
Spot where the enamel and the dentine touch The surface from which new enamel forms
96
Olecranon process
The very end of the "hook" formed by the ulna Morphology determines the amount of flexion allowed by the elbow joint in an animal Longest in animals that are permanently flexed, shortest in those that need large amounts of mobility
97
Main forms of locomotion
1. Bipedalism 2. Brachiation 3. Quadrupedalism 4. Knuckle-walking

ANT335 (3 decks)

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