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Soft Tissue Rad > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

0
Q

M/C disturbance of the diaphragm

A

Singultus (Hiccups)

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1
Q

What ant/post rib level are each hemidiaphragm are located?

A

Right: 7th ant, 10th post
Left: 8th ant, 11th post

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2
Q

M/C malignant tumor

A

Fibrosarcoma

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3
Q

M/C benign tumor

A

Lipoma

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4
Q

Where the diaphragm meets the ribs on the lat. side of the thorax

A

Costophrenic angles

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5
Q

Where the left ventricle meets the diaphragm

A

Cardiophrenic angle

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6
Q

What is air in the stomach called?

A

Magenblasse

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7
Q

What is the SID for a lat chest xray?

A

72”

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8
Q

What are the reasons to take a lat. view?

A

Locate ds
Confirm or negate presence of ds
May show ds not seen on P-A

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9
Q

What are 5 key areas of a lateral chest xray?

A 
Retrosternal/retrocardiac clear spaces
Hilum
Fissures
T-spine
Diaphragm & post. sulcus
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10
Q

Shadows in the hilum are primarily made up of what?

A

Pulmonary Arts.

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11
Q

If the hilum is increased in size what does it indicate?

A

Aneurysm
Tumor
Adenopathy

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12
Q

What is the M/C reason for only 1 side of the hilum to be enlarged?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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13
Q

Drawing a line 2cm sup, 2cm post from diaphragm to inf. vena cava is what sign?

A

Rigler Hoffman Sign

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14
Q

Which fissure located at T5, diaphragm a few cm behind the sternum?

A

Oblique/Major

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15
Q

What fissure is located at the 4th ant. rib (T-8)?

A

Minor/Horizontal

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16
Q

Which separates middle & upper lobes from the lower lobes?

A

Rt oblique/Major

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17
Q

Which fissure separates the upper & lower lobes?

A

Rt. Minor/Horizontal

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18
Q

How much fluid does it take to blunt the post. & lat. costophrenic angles?

A

75cc post.

250-300cc lats.

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19
Q

What is the lat. decubitus view used for?

A

Looking for fluid/air movement (pleural effusion)

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20
Q

What do you use a R ant. oblique to view?

A

Retrocardiac clear space

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21
Q

What do you use a L ant. oblique view to see?

A

L lung, arch of aorta

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22
Q

What are the segments of the R lung?

A 
B-1: Apical				B-6: Superior					
B-2: Anterior				B-7: Med. basal
B-3: Posterior				B-8: Ant. basal
B-4: Lateral				B-9: Lat. basal
B-5: Medial (R heart border)	B-10: Pos. basal
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23
Q

What are the segments of the L lung?

A 
B-1: Apical-pos		 	B-6: Superior
B-2: Anterior				B-7: Med. basal
B-3: Apical-pos			B-8: Ant. basal
B-4: Sup. lingual			B-9: Lat. basal
B-5: Inf. lingual			B-10: Pos. basal
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24
Q

What is the sagittal dimension of the thoracic cage from T8 to sternum in males? Females?

A

Males: 11-18cm
Females: 12-15cm

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25
Q

What is the M/C accessory lobe seen on x-ray?

A

Azygos lobe (anomalous development of azygos vein)

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26
Q

Which lung is an azygos lobe seen in?

A

R lung

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27
Q

Eventration/Scalloping of the diaphragm can be caused by what?

A

Abnormal muscle development

Nerve deficiency

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28
Q

Eventration/Scalloping of the diaphragm is M/C on which side?

A

Right (if partial, complete on Left)

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29
Q

Peak-like pulling on the pleura d/t fibrosis is called what?

A

Tenting

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30
Q

What is the M/C cause of tenting?

A

Viral Pneumonia

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31
Q

What are the 5 technical factors for a Chest AP?

A 
Penetration
Inspiration
Rotation
Magnification
Angulation
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32
Q

What are two indicators that an CXR is under exposed?

A

May not see L hemidiaphragm

Blood vessels appear prominent

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33
Q

What are two indicators a CXR is overexposed?

A

Lung markings look decreased/absent

Can hide subtle lesions

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34
Q

What can you see if a pt has proper inspiration on a CXR?

A

10th pos. ribs on both sides

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35
Q

Why is the standard upright view CXR taken P-A?

A

To decrease magnification of the heart

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36
Q

What is the preferred view to view lung apices?

A

Apical lordotic view

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37
Q

What t.t. is used for an apical lordotic view?

A

30deg cephalad

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38
Q

Lung zone above the clavicle is called what?

A

Apical zone

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39
Q

Lung zone b/w inf. margin of clavicle & above the hilum is called what?

A

Upper zone

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40
Q

Lung zone that contains the hilum is called what?

A

Middle zone

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41
Q

Lung zone that contains everything below the hilum is called what?

A

Lower zone

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42
Q

The cords b/w the alveoli are called what?

A

Kahn

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43
Q

Cords b/w the alveoli to bronchi/bronchioles are called what?

A

Canals of Lambart

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44
Q

What are the 2 primary patterns of parenchymal lung disease?

A 
Air Space (alveolar)
Interstitial (infiltrative)
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45
Q

Air space/alveoli lung disease indicates what?

A

Fluid is in the alveoli

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46
Q

What are acute etiologies of airspace ds?

A 
Penumonia (bacteria)
Pulmonary edema
Hemorrhage
Aspiration
Near-drowning
47
Q

What are some chronic etiologies of airspace ds?

A

Bronchoalveolar cell CA
Alveolar cell proteinosis
Sarcoidosis (great imitator of lung ds)
Lymphoma

48
Q

What is an air bronchogram sign?

A

Visualization of air in the bronchus (airways) b/c of surrounding airspace ds.

49
Q

When two objects of the same radiographic density touch each other so that the edge or margin b/w them is not seen creates what sign?

A

Silhouette sign

50
Q

The R heart border forms a silhouette sign w/ what?

A

R middle lobe

51
Q

The L heart border forms a silhouette sign w/ what?

A

Lingulas of the L upper lobe

52
Q

The diaphragm forms a silhouette sign w/ what?

A

Lower lobes (specifically costophrenic angles)

53
Q

The ascending aorta forms a silhouette sign w/ what?

A

Ant. segment of the R upper lobe

54
Q

The aortic arch forms a silhouette sign w/ what?

A

Apical segment of the L upper lobe

55
Q

What are the 3 patterns of interstitial ds?

A

Reticular
Nodular
Reticulonodular

56
Q

What are examples of interstitial ds w/ a reticular pattern?

A

Pulmonary Interstitial Edema
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Rheumatoid Lung ds

57
Q

What are examples of interstitial ds w/ a nodular pattern?

A

Bronchogenic CA
Metastasis to the lung
Miliary ds

58
Q

What are examples of interstitial ds have a reticulonodular pattern?

A

Sarcoidosis

Rheumatoid lung ds

59
Q

Atelectasis of the entire lung is usually d/t what?

A

Complete main stem bronchus obstruction

60
Q

In atelectasis, do the heart & medial structures shift toward or away the affected side?

A

Shift toward (trachea is typically last structure to shift)

61
Q

What are 2 direct indicators of atelectasis?

A

Displacement of fissures

Increased density

62
Q

What are 4 indirect indicators of atelectasis?

A

Shift of structures
Over inflation of unaffected lobes/lung
Increased retrosternal clear space
Depression of hemidiaphragm

63
Q

Type of atelectasis most likely d/t deactivation of surfactant-collapse of airspaces in a nonsegmental or nonlobar pattern. Pt’s have splinting pain. Mimics fibrosing.

A

Subsegmental/Discoid/Platelike

64
Q

A form of passive atelectasis. D/t SOL w/i the lung & compresses the adjacent tissue

A

Compressive

65
Q

What is the M/C type of atelectasis?

A

Obstructive

66
Q

Atelectasis caused by space occupying mass or lesion outside of the lung

A

Passive

67
Q

Type of atelectasis d/t decreased surfactant production

A

Adhesive

68
Q

Type of atelectasis d/t scarring & contraction of tissue

A

Cicatrization

69
Q

Type of atelectasis assoc. w/ the “S sign of Golden.”

A

RUL atelectasis

70
Q

In massive pleural effusion, do medial structures move towards or away from affected side?

A

Structures are moved away

71
Q

What are causes of pleural effusion?

A

Increased rate of fluid formation (CHF, pneumonia)
Decreased rate of fluid resorption by lymphatics
Peritoneal fluid moves through diaphragm or via lymphatics

72
Q

What is the view of choice for pleural effusion?

A

Lat. decubitus view

73
Q

Type of effusion where the fluid is b/w the p. pleura along the diaphragm & v. pleura under the lower lobe. Mimics elevated hemidiaphragm. Misplaced Magenblase.

A

Subpulmonic Effusion

74
Q

What is ddx for blunting of the costophrenic angle?

A

Pleural effusion
Tumor
Fibrosis

75
Q

This sign is d/t the elastic recoil of the lungs, the fluid appears to rise higher along the lat. margin of the thorax than medially on the PA view.

A

Meniscus sign

76
Q

Meniscus sign is strongly suggestive of what ds?

A

Pleural effusion

77
Q

Type of pleural effusion where the fluid b/co trapped in the pleural space d/t adhesions/fibrosis. Doesn’t change w/ pt. positioning.

A

Loculated pleural effusion

78
Q

These are sharply marginated collections of pleural fluid b/w the layers of a fissure or in a subpleural location just beneath the fissure. M/C cause is CHF.

A

Vanishing/pseudo tumors

79
Q

This is a band-like density along the lat. chest wall near the costophrenic angle. Lat. costophrenic angle tends to remain sharp. M/C d/t CHF or lymphatic metastasis.

A

Laminar effusion

80
Q

What are indicators of pneumonia of an entire lung?

A

Positive air bronchogram sign
No shift of mediastinal structures
Symptoms related to pneumonia

81
Q

What are indicators of a pneumonectomy?

A

Medial structures shift toward side of removal

Evidence of surgery (ribs, staples)

82
Q

What is the M/C infectious ds in the world?

A

Pneumonia

83
Q

Outcome of pneumonia depends on what factors?

A

Causative organism
Pt age
Predisposing illness

84
Q

What are the different patterns of pneumonia?

A 
Lobar
Interstitial
Bronchopneumonia
Round
Cavity
85
Q

What is the M/C cause of lobar pneumonia?

A

Strep pneumoniae

86
Q

What is the M/C cause of bronchopneumonia?

A

Staph. aureus

87
Q

Round pneumonia is M/C in what parts of the lungs?

A

Post. lungs

Lower lobes

88
Q

Round pneumonia is caused by what organisms?

A

H. influenza
Streptococcus
Pneumonococcus

89
Q

What is the M/C cause of cavity pneumonia?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

90
Q

Cavity pneumonia is M/C in what condition?

A

Post-primary (reactivation) TB

91
Q

Type of pneumonia that has an air filled space w/i consolidation, mass or a nodule produced by the expulsion of the necrotic part of the lesion via the bronchial tree.

A

Cavity pneumonia

92
Q

This ds is 2nd only to HIV/AIDS as the greatest killer in the world d/t a single infectious agent

A

Tuberculosis

93
Q

Type of TB that is M/C in children

A

Primary TB

94
Q

Primary TB M/C’ly affects which lobes?

A 
Upper lobes (M/C)
Sup. segments of lower lobes
95
Q

In TB, hilar lymph node calcification combined w/ a Ghon tubercle creates what?

A

Ranke (Primary) Complex

96
Q

Type of TB that is M/C in adults as a reactivation or continuation of the primary ds

A

Post Primary (Reinfective) TB

97
Q

Post Primary TB has a predilection for which lobes?

A

Pos. & apical segments of the upper lobes

Sup. segments of the upper lobes

98
Q

Type of TB d/t hematogenous dissemination. Uncommon.

A

Miliary TB

99
Q

What are causes of miliary TB?

A

Severe immunodepression during post-primary infection

Impaired defenses during primary infection

101
Q

Type of pneumonia that occurs in the most dependent portions of the lung; upright = lower lobes, recumbent = sup. segments of lower lobes or post. segments of upper lobes

A

Aspiration pneumonia

102
Q

What are the 4 terrible T’s assoc. w/ the ant. mediatstinum (M/C mediastinal lesions)?

A

Teratoma
Thyroid
Thymoma
T-cell Lymphoma

103
Q

What is the M/C middle mediastinal lesion?

A

Bronchogenic cyst

104
Q

What are common causes of bilateral depressed/low diaphragm?

A

COPD
Bilateral pneumothorax
Asthenic build (tall, slender people)

105
Q

What is the M/C tumor of the pleura?

A

Mesothelioma

106
Q

What is the M/C cause of pleural effusion?

A

CHF

107
Q

Pleural thickening is M/C in what part of the lung?

A

Lung bases

108
Q

What is the M/C cause of pleural fibrosis?

A

Asbestosis

109
Q

What is the only benign tumor to originate in the pleura?

A

Pleural Fibroma

110
Q

Platelike atelectasis is M/C where in the lung?

A

Lung base

111
Q

What is the cause of platelike atelectasis?

A

Obstruction of small subsegmental bronchus

112
Q

This is an anomalous budding of primitive foregut which b/co separated from the tracheo-bronchial tree

A

Congenital Bronchogenic Cysts

113
Q

Chronic, irreversible dilation of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole w/ assoc. destruction of their walls

A

Emphysema

114
Q

Parenchymal collections of air d/t advanced tissue destruction

A

Bullae

115
Q

What is a complication assoc. w/ a bullae that ruptures?

A

Spontaneous pneumothorax

116
Q

Collection of air w/i visceral pleura

A

Bleb

117
Q

What are 3 types of bronchiectasis?

A

Cylindrical
Varicose
Saccular

Soft Tissue Rad (2 decks)

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