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Psych Measurement > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Def: Quantitative

A

it is subject to numerical qualification. actual measurement

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2
Q

Def: a psychological test

A

the measurement instrument (ie. measurement tool or technique) that consists of a sample of behaviour obtained under standardized conditions and evaluated using established scoring rules
- helps to make inferences about human attributes, traits, characteristics or future outcomes

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3
Q

Def: Measurement

A

is a set of rules for assigning numbers to traits, objects, attributes, skills, behaviour etc

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4
Q

Def: assessment

A

is a systematic procedure for collecting information that can be used to make inferences/predictions about people (ex. an interview or observation)

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5
Q

Differences between psychological assessment and psychological test

A

psychological assessments are broader concepts. they use multiple methods like history interviews, behaviour observations, etc. assessments can be both subjective and objective. psychological tests are sometimes used in psychological assessments

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6
Q

Differences between surveys and psychological tests

A

surveys focus on group outcomes while psychological tests focus on individual outcomes. The results of a psychological test are often report in terms of an overall derived score or scaled scores. Results of surveys are often reported at the question level by providing the percentage of respondents who selected each answer alternative

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7
Q

Def: Psychological construct

A

the underlying observable traits, attributes, characteristics, or behaviours that tests are designed to describe, understand, and measure

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of a good psychological test

A
  • All good test representatively sample the behaviours thought to measure an attribute or thought to predict an outcome
  • All good tests include behaviour samples that are obtained under standardized conditions. The test must be administered to everybody in the same way
  • All good tests have rules for scoring. These rules ensure that all examiners will score the same set of the responses in the same way
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9
Q

what is behaviour sampling

A

• It is a sample of behaviour
It is not an exhaustive measure- it is too difficult to evaluate every single behaviour.
Ex. You cannot look at every single performance an athlete does in their sport, but you can look at certain aspects such as the athletes running ability such as their speed
The test must somehow be representative of behaviours that would be observed outside of the testing situation

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10
Q

what is standardization

A

Each individual taking a psychological or educational test should be tested under essentially identical conditions (ie. A standardized sample)

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11
Q

define standardized test

A

one that has been administered to a large group of individuals who are similar to the group from whom the test has been designed for

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12
Q

define unstandardized test

A

does not have standardization samples and are more common than standardized tests. usually constructed by a teacher or trainer in a less formal manner for single administration Ex. university midterm

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13
Q

Define projective tests

A

are those on which test takers view and are asked to responsd to unstructured or ambiguous stimuli such as images or incomplete sentences. the role of the test taker is less clear and more subjectivity is involved in interpreting the test taker’s response

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14
Q

define objective tests

A

test which make test takers choose a response or provide a response and there are predetermined correct answers

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15
Q

define objective scoring rules

A

most mass-produced tests fall in this category. different qualified examiners will all come to the same score for an identical set of responses

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16
Q

define subjective scoring rules

A

when the judgement of the examiner is an important part of the test, different examiners can legitimately come to different conclusions concerning the same sample of behaviour. the conclusions should be similar however

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17
Q

define maximum performance test

A

tests in which the subject performs a task to the best of their ability

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18
Q

define behaviour observation tests

A

tests that involve observation of the subjects behaviour within a particular context

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19
Q

what category is behaviour observation tests and self measure tests considered under?

A

typical tests

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20
Q

define achievement tests

A

measures a persons previous learning in a specific academic area
ex. the midterm for this class

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21
Q

define ability test (aptitude test)

A

measures a test taker’s knowledge in a specific are at a specific point in time
measures cognitive abilities and skills accumulated from life experiences

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22
Q

define speed test

A

measures difference in speed of performance

ex. how fast can you type a set of words

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23
Q

define power test

A

measures the difficulty of theorems that the participant is able to answer correctly (no time limit)
ex. how far can someone run. there is no time limit you just run until you cant anymore

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24
Q

define subject tests

A

tests classified by subjects like an English test or science test

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25
Q

define self-report instruments

A

participant is asked to report his or her feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values, etc

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26
Q

when does self- report make sense?

A
  • self-report relies upon the test taker’s awareness and honesty
  • it is the best method to measure internal states- things only the person themselves can be aware of the judge
  • provide an estimate
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27
Q

what are the 7 reasons why psychological testing is important

A
  1. Allows us to make important decisions about people- because there are comparison points
  2. Allows us to describe & understand behaviour as objectively as possible
  3. Measures personal attributes
  4. Measures performance
  5. Saves time
  6. Most economical
     Because it saves time it is economical. We can get a lot of data in a short amount of time. When we save time we save money
  7. Its scientific
    - It is a tool and can be seen as integral piece (if appropriately used)
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28
Q

the types of psychological decisions:

A
  • individual
  • institutional
  • comparative
  • absolute
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29
Q

what is an individual psychological decision

A

how an individual sees themselves through testing. you reflecting on your own results. ex. reflecting on how you feel u did on an interview

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30
Q

what is an institutional psychological decision

A

how another individual or entity sees you
ex. how the interviewer makes a decision makes on how they feel the interview went and how you answered the questions posed in the interview

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31
Q

what is a comparative psychological decision

A

comparing a number of people to see who has the best score

ex. the interview compares your interview to the interview of another candidate

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32
Q

what is an absolute psychological decision

A

decisions made by other/entities based on minimum score needed to qualify. in this decision you must need to certain score to be chosen. Ex. needing a certain average to get a scholarship

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33
Q

what does KSAO stand for

A

knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics

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34
Q

when is organizational testing used?

A
  • testing competency
  • hiring/job selection
  • Job placement, training & development
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35
Q

When is educational testing used?

A
  • student learning
  • instructional planning
  • selection
  • placement
  • classification (classifying career or problems with learning)
36
Q

When is clinical & research testing used

A
  • diagnosis

- treatment planning and effectiveness

37
Q

What does SIOP stand for

A

society of industrial organizational psychologists

38
Q

what is the job of the society of industrial organizational psychologist

A

they help create standards for practice in psychological testing for industrial organizational psychologists

39
Q

what does SHRM stand for?

A

society for Human Resources and management

40
Q

Define licensure

A

mandatory credential for individuals to practice their profession. Ex. psychologists must be licensed before they begin practicing

41
Q

define certifications

A

professional credentials that individuals earn to demonstrate that they have the knowledge skill and abilities in other characteristics to be able to undertake certain activities

42
Q

Who is the test publisher

A

the developer/ publisher/ seller of the test or instrument

43
Q

who is the test user

A

the individual who determines the needs for psychological testing, select the test or instrument, administers the testing procedure, scores/interprets the test, the organization or practice that will eventually use the information to make certain decisions

44
Q

who is the test taker

A

person who responds to the instrument/ test questions. person taking the test

45
Q

what does a level A qualification level allow?

A

there is no special qualifications to purchase these produces (ex. the big 5)

46
Q

what does a level B qualification level allow?

A

a master’s degree in psychology, education, or in a field closely related to the intended use of the assessment or certification by a professional organization that requires training and experience in relevant area of assessment. can be used if you are supervised by an individual with a doctorate degree in psychology, education, or closely related field

47
Q

what does a level C qualification level allow?

A

a doctorate degree in psychology, education or a closely related to field with formal training in the ethical administration, scoring an interpretation of clinical assessments related to the intended use of the assessment OR you can have a master’s degree and be supervised by an individual with a doctorate degree in the related field

48
Q

what does a Level C+ qualification level allow?

A

you need a doctorate degree plus supervision from another individual with a doctorate degree (ex. HARE PCL-R)

49
Q

define anonymity

A

the practice of administering testing or obtaining information without obtaining the identity of the participant, usually seen in double-blind studies

50
Q

Ethical Issues psychologists /mental health professionals must follow

A

Issue 1: right to privacy
Issue 2: right to informed consent
Issue 3: right to know and understand results
Issue 4: right to protection of stigma
- psychologist or mental health professional must avoid using stigmatized words with their client

51
Q

what is the responsibility of the test user

A
  1. Have competence in test administration, scoring criteria, interpretation and feedback
  2. Have an understanding of basic psychometrics and scoring procedures and be competent in interpretation, and apply scientific knowledge and professional judgement to the results
  3. Develop clear guidelines- be familiar with the context of use: the situation, purpose, setting in which a test is used, how much time is needed, equipment/resources
  4. Have knowledge of legal (ex. copyright laws, and ethical issues related to test use)
  5. Awareness of ethnic/cultural, language proficiency, developmental factors/variables (sensory, motor, cognitive impairments) that could influence the results- example of each?
52
Q

what should be said in post administration discussions

A

thank the participant
restate purpose of the research
explain how the result will be used
reiterate that finding will be treated confidentially
answer all the respondent’s questions fully

53
Q

what are the responsibilities of the test taker

A
  • Responsible for preparing for the assessment
  • Responsible for following the directions of the individual administering the assessment
  • Responsible for responding in a manner that accurately reflects their characteristics and abilities
  • In group testing situations, they are responsible for not interfering with the performance of others
  • Responsible for informing the professional if they believe the assessment results do not adequately represent their true abilities
  • Should respect the copyright rights of the test publisher and should not disclose information about the contents of a test
54
Q

Define Measurement:

A

defined as the application of rules to assign number to objects (or attributes)

55
Q

Def Measurement rules

A

the procedures used to transform the qualities of attributes into numbers ex. types of scales used

56
Q

define individual differences

A

premise that people can very (get different scores) of an attribute

57
Q

define magnitude

A

properties of moreness. higher scores refer to more of something

58
Q

define equal intervals

A

it is the difference between any two adjacent numbers referring to the same amount of difference between second and third

59
Q

define absolute zero

A

does the scale have a zero point that refers to non that attribute. this is not common in psychology

60
Q

What is a nominal measurement scale

A

assign number to objects where different number indicate different objects. the numbers have no real meaning other than differentiating between the objects Ex. male =1 female =2

61
Q

what is an ordinal measurement scale?

A

assigning number to an object (like nominal) but here the numbers also have meaning order. in ordinal scores the number indicate placement or order

62
Q

what is an interval measurement scale?

A

number have order (like ordinal) but there are equal intervals between adjacent categories. the difference means the same thing all the way up and down the scale. Ex. temperature.

63
Q

what is a ratio measurement scale

A

differences are meaningful (like interval) plus ratios are meaningful and there is a true zero point. ex. 10lbs is twice as much as 5lbs (ratios are meaningful: 10/5=2) and zero pounds means no weight or an absence of weight (true zero)

64
Q

define distribution

A

a set fo scores, which helps with score representation. because a raw score in isolation typically has very little meaning. a distribution is a cluster of raw scores

65
Q

what are the ways to represent a distribution

A
  • ungroup frequency distribution
  • group frequency distribution
  • frequency graph (ex. freq. table histogram)
66
Q

how do you calculate z score

A

(data point-mean)/SD

67
Q

how do u calculate t scores

A

(datapoint - mean/SD) x 15 + 10

or in other words the z score x 15 + 10

68
Q

define negative skewness

A

when relatively few of the scores fall at the low end of the distribution. Most scores are high scores

69
Q

define positive skewness

A

when relatively few of the scores fall at the high end of the distribution. most of the score are low

70
Q

what does negative skewness indicate

A

may indicate that the test was too easy

71
Q

what does positive skewness indicate

A

may indicate that the test was too hard

72
Q

why are statistics important

A

give us a method for answer questions about the meaning of those numbers

73
Q

define variability

A

measures the extent to which scores differ. the spread of the scores within the distribution

74
Q

define correlation

A

relationship between scores

75
Q

define prediction

A

forecasting future relationships between scores

76
Q

define range

A

difference between the highest and lowest score. (not how it is dispersed)

77
Q

define variance

A

the degree of spread within the distribution (the larger the spread, the larger the variance) it is the sum of the square differences from the mean of each score, divided by the number of scores

78
Q

define standard deviation

A

a measure of how the average score deviates or spreads away from the mean

79
Q

what does a small standard deviation mean

A

there is a small amount of variability in the data set

80
Q

what does a large standard deviation mean

A

there is a large amount of variability in the data set

81
Q

define relational research

A

attempts to determine how two or more variables are related to each other . correlation does not imply causation

82
Q

what does a positive correlation mean

A

high scores on one variable tend to go with high scores on the other variables and that low scores on one variable tend to go with low scores on the other variable

83
Q

what does a negative correlation mean

A

high scores on one variable tend to go with low scores on the other variable

84
Q

what does an r = 1.00 indicate

A

perfect relationship between the variables

85
Q

define Pearson product- moment correlation coefficient

A
  • When variables are on an interval or ratio scale
86
Q

define Spearman rank correlation coefficient

A
  • When variables are on an ordinal scale

Psych Measurement (3 decks)

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