Test 1 Flashcards
Communication is ____ not ____ because you cannot isolate a single act of it
fluid / static
Types of noise
physical/psychological
Definition of Communication
The process of which individuals use symbols, signs, and behaviors to exchange information
Describe 1st Model of Communication – Linear Model –
One way conversation – sender and receiver– thoughts and ideas sent by message through a channel. Sent message to a receiver who decoded the message.
Describe 2nd Model of Communication – Interactive Model –
All the same elements from the 1st model but now feedback is added
Describe 3rd Model of Communication – Competent Communicator Model –
All the same elements as the 1st and 2nd model but communication occurs simultaneously – nonverbal communication – both the sender and the receiver are now called equal communicators. Relational context.
Name the three Functional Perspectives of Communication
- Expressing Affiliation
- Managing Relationships
- Influencing Others
Name the four Types Needs of Communication
- Physical Needs
- Social Needs
- Practical Needs
- Identity Needs
(Type of Need) Health, being isolated from others, loss of a loved one. Can affect our well-being and how we communicate with others
Physical Needs
(Type of Need) Relates to the need for cohesion with others. Provides us with a sense of belonging
Social Needs
(Type of Need) The everyday needs of getting things done. Brief bytes of communication and not much conversation taking place
Practical Needs
(Type of Need) We learn about ourselves and who we are from others. We gather a sense of self by the communication we share
Idenitity Needs
(Type of Noise) Loud and clear noise. (dogs barking)
Physical Noise
(Type of Noise) The distraction of thoughts going on while we are trying to listen to the communication coming to us. (daydreaming)
Psychological Noise
Help you understand how things work or anticipate how they should proceed. Sterotypes you have developed by experience.
Schemas
Descibe the funcion of Schemas
Communicators retrieve schemas from their memory and interpret new information, people, and situations according to those schemas.
Developed by thinking about your strenghts and weaknesses, observing your behavior in a wide variety of situations, and by watching your own reactions to situations and watching others reactions to you. It can shape what you think of others because your perception of others is related to how you view yourself.
a. Self-concept
b. Self-esteem
c. Self-efficacy
a. Self Concept
How you feel about yourself in a particular situation. A set of attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and skills that fluctuate according to the situation or context.
a. Self-concept
b. Self-esteem
c. Self-efficacy
b. Self-esteem
The ability to predict actual success
a. Self-concept
b. Self-esteem
c. Self-efficacy
c. Self-efficacy (the prediction is based on self concept and esteem)
Name the 3 Perceptual Barriers
- Narrow perspective
- Sterotyping
- Prejudice
Describe a Narrow Perspective and give an example
Inability to see beyond one’s own beliefs and circumstances. Cultural Myopia is a form of narrow perspective grounded in that one’s cultural is appropriate and relevant in all situations and to all people
Describe Sterotyping
The act of fitting individuals into an existing schemas by grouping people into categories so that you can generalize about their attributes, behaviors, skills, morals, and habits.
Describe Prejudice
An adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts
Name the three ways we manage our identities
- Self-presentation
- Self-monitoring
- Self-disclosure
Explain the perception checking activity
First, noticing the behavior of someone else. Second, asking two open ended questions of interpretations (about that behavior) then asking a third question (also open ended) .
Example:
Notice the behavior: Slamming the door when you left.
2 questions of interpretation: (a.) Did the wind catch the door or (b.) where you in a hurry?
1 clarity question: How was work today
Name the 5 Natures of Language
- Language is symbolic
- Words have multiple meanings
- Thought informs language
- Language is ruled by grammar
- Language is bound by context
Decribe why language is symbolic
A sign is used to represent a person, place, thing, or idea. Symbols for the basis of our language.
Describe why words have multiple meanings
Words can either be read literally or connotatively (what a word means based on our attitudes and experiences).
Describe why thought informs language
Through cognitive language. A specific system of symbols that we use to describe people, things, and situations in or mind. It is related to your thoughts, attitudes, co-culture, and the society in which you live
Describe why language is ruled by grammar
Through two types of rules: syntactic and semantic
(Type of Grammatical Rule) Govern where words come in a sentence
Example: subject, verb, nouns, ect
Syntactic
(Type of Grammatical Rule) Govern the meaning of words and guidelines on how to interpret them.
Example: Homophones
Semantic
Describe why language is bound by context
There are words that govern meaing and word choice according to context and social custom.
Example: Would you jump up laughing or screaming while a church service is in progress?
Name the 5 Functions of Language
- Means of Control
- To Share Infomation
- To Express Feelings
- To Express Creativity
- To Use Rituals
Give examples of biased language
Addressing older people as dear or sweetie, male terms as job titles such as policeman, mailman, fireman, etc.
What are words or phrases that subsitute for terms that might be upsetting to others.
Example:
He passed away vs. He died
Eupheisms
Type of language tha conveys feelings. People usually create meanings from past or personal experiences, not found in the dictionary.
Connotative
Literal meaning of a word, found in a dictionary
Denotative
Name the 6 uses of language associated with gender
- Qualifiers
- Hedges
- Disclaimers
- Tag Questions
- Resistant Language
- Interruptions
(Gender Usage) Phrases such as: kind of, sort of, maybe, perhaps, or could be
Qualifiers
(Gender Usage) Involves expressions such as: I think, I feel, or I guess
Hedges
(Gender Usage) Disscount what you are about to say and often used to head off confrontation or to avoid embarrassment.
Example: “it’s probably nothing,” “I thought I heard her say,” “I probably imagining things”
Disclaimers
(Gender Usage) A sign of uncertainty or hesitation associated with a women’s speech
Example: “Wasn’t that a wonderful concert?” or “You aren’t going to stay out late again tonight are you?” (more aggressive)
Tag Questions
(Gender Usage) Differences in how men and women express resistant messages.
Resitant Language
(Gender Usage) Male speakers are thought to interrupt more than women in conversations
Interruptions
Define Nonverbal Communication
The process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling or messaging meanings through behaviors to include gestures, facial expressions, body language, posture, and eye contact
Name the 6 Functions of Nonverbal Communication
- Reinforcing Verbal Messages
- Substituting
- Contradicting
- Regulating Conversations
- Creating Immediacy
- Deceiving
Describe the 3 ways nonverbal communcation reinforces verbal communcation
1. Repeating Shaking head to say "yes" 2. Complementing When you smile and saw "awesome job!" 3. Accenting Placing more stress on a certain part of what you are saying
This is an example of what type of nonverbal communication?
When someone has been driving and we ask, “are you ok to drive?” and they start staggering in front of us but say, “Yeah, I’m fine.”
Contradicting
This is an example of what type of nonverbal communication?
You say, “Come here” then you stop talking, fold your arms, and start to tap your foot.
Substituting
This is an example of what type of nonverbal communication?
Someone who is not doing very well financially yet drives expensive cars and wear fancy clothing
Deceiving
Sighing or making sounds like, ahhhhhh, arrrgggg, ohhhhh, hmmmm are examples of
Paralanguage
Name the 9 Challenges in Listening
- Environmental Factors
- Hearing Challenges
- Multi-tasking
- Bordom/Over excitment
- Attitude
- Laziness
- Listening Apprehention
- Defensive Listening
- Pseudo Listening
Name the 4 Goals of Listening
- Information Gathering
- Critical
- Emphathic Listening
- Appreciative
Describe Monopolistic lIstening
Trying to control the conversation
