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Stem Cell Biology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rita Levi-Montalcini

A

Discovered nerve growth factors that influence the growth of nerve cells.

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2
Q

Ectoderm

A

epidermal tissue and nervous system

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3
Q

Mesoderm

A

muscle, bone blood, urogenital

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4
Q

Endoderm

A

Interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs

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5
Q

Pluripotency

A
  • All 3 germ layers
  • No placenta

ex: iPSCs

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6
Q

Totipotency

A
  • All 3 germ layers + placenta

ex: cells within

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7
Q

Multipotency

A
  • Can differentiate into specific cell types

ex: blood stem cell, mesenchymal stem cells

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8
Q

Urodeles

A
  • Unmatched in regenerative capacities. Can regenerate entire limb within 7-10 week
  • Unable to trace lineage of blastemas
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9
Q

Blastema

A

-Mass of morphologically undifferentiated, proliferating progenitor cells

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10
Q

Amphibians

A

-Different life stages allow for study of signaling pathways in the loss and regain in regenerative abilities

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11
Q

Zebrafish

A
  • fin rays produce blastema

- transgenic lines indicate reserve progenitor cell that forms blastema

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12
Q

Planarian (Flatworm)

A
  • Possess derivatives of all 3 germ layers

- Display astonishing regenerative abilities (recruit neoblasts)

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13
Q

IVF

A
  • In vitro fertilization

- Day 5 embryos allows for prediction of “viable” based on morphology

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14
Q

Sources of ESC

A
  • Derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst, prior to implantation
  • 400,000 - 1 million embryos frozen in U.S.
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15
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)

A
  • Totipotent/Pluripotent Cells
  • Replicate indefinitely
  • Graft vs. host disease in transplants
  • Can form tumors
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16
Q

ESCs Pros & Cons

A

Pros: Toxicology studies, gene expression, epigenetic profiles
Cons: Immunosuppression, cancer, engraftment, quality control

17
Q

Shinya Yamanaka

A
  • Found genes used for induction of pluripotency
  • Mouse model
  • OCT3/4, SOX2, C-myc, Klf4
18
Q

Nanog-selected iPS cells

A
  • Expressed all markers and characteristics
  • Chimera formation when injected into blastocysts
  • 20% of the mice developed tumors
19
Q

Creating iPS cells

A

1) Packaging cells produce virus, which is modified with four different genes
2) Gene and virus are mixed together, human skin cells then “infected”
3) Cells with similar properties to ES cells can be identified

20
Q

Protein induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

A

Advantages: No use of viruses, no genetic disruption
Disadvantages: Low efficiency

21
Q

iPS Cells for DEB

A

iPS derived keratinocytes corrects Type VII Collagen expression in skin

22
Q

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

A
  • Pluripotent stem cell directly generated from somatic cell
  • Pioneered by Yamanaka in 2006
  • patient matched
  • blood lymphocytes converted
  • low efficiency
  • safety risks
  • tumorigenicity
23
Q

(YAMANAKA)4 Genes encode for transcription factors that induced pluripotency in mice

A

MYC, OCT/35, SOX2 and Kl4

-retroviral system

24
Q

James Thomas

A

-first to derive human embryonic stem cells

25
Q

(THOMAS)4 Genes encode for transcription factors that induced pluripotency in humans

A

OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28

-lentiviral system

26
Q

Risks of retroviral gene transfer

A

-Safety risk due to random integrations of
retroviruses
-Impossible to treat dominant forms of diseases
-Uncontrolled expression of COL7A1
(throughout epidermis) = tumor

27
Q

Cancer develops when….

A

… cells lose normal

restraints on division and migration.

28
Q

Cell division is controlled by ________

and ________ growth regulators

A

-positive and negative

29
Q

A _______ percentage of cancers are the result of inherited gene mutations.

A

small

30
Q

Cancer Stem Cells

A
  • Rare
  • tumorigenic, Within tumors
  • Self-renew and differentiate to drive tumorigensis
  • only 0.01 - 0.1% of tumor cells can differentiate
31
Q

Properties shared by normal stem cells and cancer stem cells

A

1) Assymetric Division

2) Regulated by similar pathways

32
Q

Two General Models for Cancer Heterogeneity

A
  1. All cancer cells are potential cancer stem cells but have a low probability of proliferation in clonogenic assays
  2. Only a small definable subset of cancer cells are cancer stem cells that have the ability to proliferate indefinitely.
33
Q

Seed and Soil Hypothesis

A 
Tumors are biologically heterogeneous
and contain subpopulations of cells with
different angiogenic, invasive, and
metastatic properties.
-"heterogeneous and differentiate"
34
Q

iPSC

A
  • Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

- can be derived from adult tissue

35
Q

Stevens and Little

A

-Neoplastic mouse cells give rise to differentiated cells and undifferentiated cells

36
Q

Pierce and Dixon

A

-Neoplastic mouse cells are analogous to human embryos.

37
Q

Evans

A

“The possibility, therefore, of obtaining a strain of cells in tissue culture which may become determined to differentiate in a variety of alternative ways is very
attractive.”

Stem Cell Biology (1 decks)

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