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MED BOT > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How long ago was the BIG BANG?

A

13.7 BYA

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2
Q

How long ago did the Sun originate?

A

4.6 BYA

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3
Q

How long ago did the Earth & Moon originate?

A

4.5 BYA

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4
Q

Where did life begin first? Water or Land?

A

WATER

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5
Q

How long ago did Prokaryotes originate?

A

3.5 BYA

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6
Q

How long ago did Eukaryotes originate?

A

3 BYA

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7
Q

How long ago did O2 rich oceans, land vertebrates, land plants, land fungi originate?

A

700-375 MYA

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8
Q

What came 375-250 MYA?

A

Amphibians, reptiles, mammals, FLOWERING PLANTS

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9
Q

Did secondary metabolites rise since the origin of life?

A

TRUE

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10
Q

When did Primates & Humans come?

A

50-0 MYA

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11
Q

When did the HUMAN LINEAGE arise?

A

7 MYA

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12
Q

Homo sapiens arose how many years ago?

A

200,000 years ago

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13
Q

Place Bronze Age/Writing, Printing, Agriculture, Guns, Extensive exploration on ships, Microscopy, & Cells in the order of occurrence.

A

1) Agriculture
2) Bronze Age/Writing
3) Guns
4) Printing
5) Extensive exploration on ships
6) Microscopy
7) Cells

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14
Q

Anthropologists, archeologists and paleobotanist have recently used WHAT as evidence for the development of agriculture?

A

WEED POLLEN

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15
Q

Medical Botany includes the consideration of

A

Organisms with cell walls

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16
Q

Which plant family has square stalks (cross section), opposite leaves and usually have aromatic odors associated with them:

A

Mint Family (Lamiaceae)

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17
Q

Which plant family does Hibiscus, Okra belong to & Flowers have five petals, numerous stamens (male parts) fused to form a column around the pistil (female part), various plant parts have a mucilaginous (slimy) texture.

A

Malvaceae, has mucilaginous property that can treat burns & sunburns.
It has polysaccharides with help strengthen hydrogen (in between skin) after damage

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18
Q

Which family has irregular flowers with a Banner petal, two wing petals and two petals fused to form a keel?

A

Pea/Bean Family (Fabaceae)

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19
Q

Which plant family has regular or symmetrical flowers with four petals, six stamens (four tall, two short) ?

A

Mustard family (Brassicaceae) ALL EDIBLE

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20
Q

What are Dicotyledons?

A

(two-seed(bean,embryo)-leaf) Net-Veined, Complicated plant structure

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21
Q

What are Monocotyledons?

A

(one-seed-leaf) Parallel veins, Straight veined, Simple plant structure

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22
Q

Which family has five petaled flowers with lots of little stamens (male parts) in the middle and usually have astringent properties due to tannins?

A

Rose family (Rosaceae)

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23
Q

Typically each composite flower from this family have two kinds of inflorescence ray petals and disc inflorescence. The disc inflorescence in the center contains flowers that usually give rise to seeds and each are tiny flowers themselves.

A

Aster family (Asteraceae)

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24
Q

Typically flowers of this family have three sepals and three petals that are identical in size and color (and therefore it looks like there are six petals).

A

Lily family (Liliaceae)

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25
Q

Usually members of this family are wind-pollinated and do not invest much resources in making attractive flowers for insects. The flower stems show nodes or knees which are growth points of the plant.

A

Grass and oats family (Poaceae)

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26
Q

An interesting example mentioned in the “Plant as a Pugilist” is “change artist,” an attacker that can enter a plant as a biotroph and transform into a necrotroph.

A

TRUE

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27
Q

The great dying was a period extending over 100,000 years when:

A

70% of life on land and 90% of marine life disappeared and the reasons are unknown

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28
Q

The cradle of evolution is rooted in the idea

A

Species actually got their start near the equator

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29
Q

A fossil from WHAT (plant) gives us insight to the Permian, a finding that it dates earlier than previously expected.

A

Podocarps conifer

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30
Q

A fossil found in WHAT gives us insight to the Permian, a finding that it dates earlier than previously expected.

A

The Middle East

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31
Q

Researchers from which two “silo” fields of biology eventually gave us great insight into how plants thrive at the base of the food chain (as discussed in the Pugilist paper) ?

A

Plant Pathologists & Evolutionary Biology

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32
Q

What family has “umbrella” shaped and it is aromatic?

A

Apiaceae… not all edible and they look like baby bush

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33
Q

What family has 2 sepals, 4 petals, 4 or 8 stamens and a 4 parted stigma. It is usually the same or 2x the stamens compared to the petals?

A

Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae)

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34
Q

What are Podocarps?

A

group of ancient evergreens

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35
Q

What is global catalysm?

A

a violent physical action producing changes in Earths surface

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36
Q

What are proposed to contribute to these Permian: Date ranges? What may have contributed?

A

Permian period: 299-251 MYA. The permian period is when Earths landmasses merged together to form a supercontinent bringing cooler and drier climates together.
What may have contributed must have been a volcanic eruption, earthquakes, and the earth crust contributing to a seismic wave.

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37
Q

What is the “Great Dying”?

A

It is known as the Permian extinction. The worst mass extinction the planet have ever known. 90% of marine life & 70 % of life disappeared with reasons that are unclear

38
Q

Where did “cradle” evolution begin?

A

Near the equator

39
Q

What proposed the idea of the “cradle evolution”?

A

because the tropics has more species than colder latitudes & the species migrate north and south

40
Q

How can plant families trees contribute to Permian diversity? On what basis are these developed?

A

it reconstructed genomes, suggesting more sophisticated plants groups may have evolved in the Permian

41
Q

What insight does the Fossil paper contribute to Med Bot?

A

Revealed that podocarps thrived in the Permian period, which is 10s of millions year earlier than expected. Supported the idea that the tropics served as the “cradle” of evolution.

42
Q

What are Stomata’s?

A

cuticle, waxy surface layer, such as leaf pores.

43
Q

What family of plants give rise to Morphine?

A

Papaveraceae (breadseed poppy) in the early 1800 from Fred. Surturner

44
Q

What year did genes & chromosomes become known?

A

around the 19th century

45
Q

What year did Mendel come in?

A

1860

46
Q

When did DNA become known?

A

1928-1952

47
Q

What years did penicillin become known and made from fungi?

A

1928-1945

48
Q

What year was the DNA structure figured?

A

1953

49
Q

What happened in the 1960s?

A

the amino acid codon chart/guide code became known

50
Q

What is the percentage of the world diet is supported by plants?

A

80%

51
Q

What is the percentage of how much of the world relies on herbal remedies?

A

70%

(alter cell behavior) coffee, tea, spices,aloe

52
Q

What is the percentage of how much drugs are based on plants & fungi?

A

25-50%
aspirin from petroleum
lovastatin from aspergillus Terreus
simvastatin from lovastatin

53
Q

What are secondary metabolites?

A

non-food molecules: “non-essential” carbon containing molecules (adapted for defense, attraction, etc.

54
Q

What are leaves made out of and what are they names?

A

they are made out of cells which is made out of lipids, amino acids, etc. They are name HERBS

55
Q

How can secondary metabolites be harmful?

A

it can be POISON,
it can be used RECREATIONALLY : drugs,
Environmentally: pollen(allergies), odors(flowers,aromas,incense), dermstitis(poision ivy), microbiology(Mala. fungi on skin), human gut yeast metabolism
*avoid plants with 3 leaflets

56
Q

What are the synonyms of secondary metabolites?

A

medicine, drugs, xenobiotics

57
Q

What are the types of drugs?

A

antimicrobials, vaccines & antisera, cardiovascular drugs, drug affecting the nervous system, hormones, chemotherapeutics, immunosuppressives.

58
Q

Some drugs affect which receptors in the cell?

A

endogenous receptors

59
Q

What are the three compounds used as secondary metabolites?

A 
Terpenoids (isoprenes, 2 double bonds & only CH bonds)
Phenolics (phenylalanine) 
Nitrogen containing (various amino acids & isoprenes)
60
Q

What is the effects of Tropane Alkaloids?

A

Inhibit the ACH (acetylcholine) receptors
prevent binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to its receptor and, as a result, they cause blurred vision, suppressed salivation, vasodilation, increased heart rate, and delirium
HIGHLY TOXIC

61
Q

What are some examples of plant secondary metabolities?

A

Tropane Alkaloids
Cyanogenic glycosides
Cardiac glycosides

62
Q

What are the effects of Cyanogenic glycosides?

A

Inhibtion of respiration (inhibits Cytochrome C oxidase?)

acute intoxications

63
Q

What are the effects of cardiac glycosides?

A

Inhibit of Na+/K+ -ATPase
**HIGHLY TOXIC
treats heart failures & irregular heart beats

64
Q

What happened 500-0MYA?

A

complex multicellularity, terrestial & fish

65
Q

How long ago did plants & fungi colonize land?

A

475 MYA

66
Q

How long ago did animals colonize land?

A

375 MYA

67
Q

What happened at 300 MYA?

A

flowering plants emerge and now dominate our landscape

68
Q

Why is MED BOT class mainly about secondary metabolites?

A

we are terrestrials, plants dominate land & as humans, we have the longest history of interaction with plants

69
Q

How did humans learn of medicinal & toxic properties of plants?

A

through experience and observations.

70
Q

What does Vinblastine do?

A

the extraction is used in cancer

71
Q

What happens with the secondary metabolites in our body?

A 
Pharmacokinetics 
A - ABSORBTION 
D- DISTRIBUTION (blood)
M- METABOLISM (human & microbial gut enzymes)
E- EXCRETION (urine & feces)
72
Q

What are some skin considerations of plants?

A

1) Raphide Oxalates
2) Stinging hairs
3) Chemical irritants
4) Phototoxins
5) Allergens

73
Q

What are the 2 main families that deal with Raphide Oxalates?

A

Araceae & Polygonaceae & 200 more

74
Q

What is the role of Raphide in the Araceae family?

A

(Arum family) they are abundant with calcium oxalate crystals

75
Q

What is the role of the calcium oxalate crystals ?

A

keeps pH balance
defense against herbivores
remove excess oxalic acid

76
Q

What happens if eat plants from the Araceae family?

A

if chewing & ingestion happens then immediate stinging & edema in mouth & throat

77
Q

What are idioblasts?

A

cells containing rahpides

78
Q

What happens when the idioblasts are damaged?

A

crystals penetrate soft tissue
trigger white blood cells to release histamines
enables other plant chemical to increase pain and inflammation of soft tissue

79
Q

How can you reduce calcium oxalate?

A

by drying, soaking, fermenting, cooking

80
Q

What is one common food that is eaten in the Polygonaceae family?

A

rhubard (buckwheat family)

81
Q

What type of oxalate does Polygonaceae it have?

A

soluble oxalate, if it is eaten and overconsumption happens it can result in crystallization in tissues

82
Q

What part is the redish-orange of the rhubarb?

A

Petiole

83
Q

What are the names of the family with the stinging hairs?

A

Urticaceae

Euphorbiaceae

84
Q

What do the stinging hairs contain?

A

histamine, acetylcholine, serotonin,

85
Q

What is Ramie?

A

one of the oldest fiber crops

86
Q

What family is Ramie in?

A

Urticaceae

87
Q

What the 3 main groups of fibers?

A 
textile fibers (cloth)
cordage fibers (rope)
filling fibers (stuffing)
88
Q

In the Euphorbiaceae family, the plants has concentrations of what?

A 
tannins
saponins
cyanogenic glycosides
alkaloids
phenols
flavonoids
steroids
89
Q

What family has the Barbed glochids?

A

Cactaceae Opuntia op.

90
Q

What are thorns?

A

modified leaves

91
Q

What family has the hair that causes itching?

A

fabaceae mucuna pruriens

92
Q

What are mucuna pruriens?

A

they are named “mad beans” or Devil bean. because they cause severe itching
the protein mucunain is what causes the severe itching

MED BOT (1 decks)

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