TEST 1 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What Components would be used in an Extracellular Infection of the Mucosa?
A
Antibodies
Intraepithelial
PMNs Cells
2
Q
True or False: Noninfectious foreign substances called antigens (Ags) can also elicit an immune response
A
True
3
Q
Life Span of Neutrophil
A
Blood: Hours or a Few Days
Tissues: 1 to 2 days
4
Q
Microbes able to survive in animals by growing extracellular being simply immersed in nutrients
A
Extracellular Microbes
5
Q
Describe Mononuclear Phagocyte Cells
A
Monocytes and Resident Tissue Macrophages
6
Q
Which immune cell mediates the earliest phases of. Inflammatory reactions
A
Neutrophils
7
Q
What gives rise to cellular immunity?
A
T-Cell that is Ag stimulated
8
Q
List the Cells that protect against helminthes and mediate reactions that cause allergic diseases
A
Mast Cells
Basophils
Eosinophils
** These cells have cytoplasmic granules filled with inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators
9
Q
List all the cells of innate immunity
A
1) Neutrophil
2) Eosinophil
3) Basophil
4) Mast Cell
5) Monocyte
6) Macrophage
7) Dendritic Cell
8) Natural Killer (NK)
10
Q
True or False: Neutrophils are short live and Resident Macrophages are long-lived
A
True
11
Q
True or False: Mononuclear Cells play a central role in both innate and adaptive immunity
A
True
12
Q
Steps in Functional Responses of Phagocytes
A
1) Chemokine-mediated recruitment of the cells from the blood and surrounding tissues to the sites of infection/inflammation
2) Receptor-dependent recognition of microbes and activation of phagocytes
3) Activated Phagocyte secrets cytokines/chemokines to promote and/or regulate immune responses
4) Formation of phagosome and ingestion of the microbes
5) Intracellular destruction of ingested microbes in lysosomes
13
Q
Functions of Cytokines
A
1) Regulate growth and differentiation of all immune cells
2) Activate the effector functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes
14
Q
True or False: Mast Cells, Basophils and Eosinophils are apart of only the innate immune response
A
False: Apart of both immunities
15
Q
Function of Chemokines
A
Cell Migration and Movement
16
Q
Why is it important for Mast Cells to be in close proximity to blood vessels that supply tissues exposed to the external environment
A
They regulate vascular permeability and modulate effector-cell recruitment without direct cell-cell contact via release of mediators
17
Q
True or False: Antibodies recognize, neutralize, and target microbes for elimination
A
True
18
Q
Cell is infected with a bacteria that is replicating in the cytoplasm. What Type of infection is it and What cells will act on this infection? How would it be different if a Mycobacteria infected a cell?
A
1) Intracellular Infection of the Cytoplasm
2) CTLs, NK Cells, T Cells, and Macrophages
3) Would be considered a Intracellular Vesicular Infection and only T Cells, NK Cells and Macrophages would act on this infection.
19
Q
Epitope
A
Portion of an Ag molecule to which an antibody binds
20
Q
Function of Cell-mediated Immunity
A
Killing of infected HOST cells to eliminate reservoirs of infection
21
Q
What Humoral Components are used in a Blood or Lymphatic infection?
A
Antibodies
PMNs (Neutrophils)
Complement
22
Q
Microbes invade and live and replicate intracellular within animal cells where they utilize host-cell energy
A
Intracellular Microbes
23
Q
True or False: Cytokines can only be secreted and are only involved in the innate immune system
A
False: Cytokines can be secreted or membrane bound; They also involved in innate and adaptive immunity
24
Q
Function of Humoral Adaptive Immunity
A
Principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes and their toxins because secreted Abs can bind to these microbes and toxins and assist in their elimination
25
Collateral Damage
An immune response against microbes causing tissue damage
26
Which Cell controls CMI?
T Lymphocytes
27
Describe the tissue specific functions of Macrophages
1) Maintenance of tissue homeostasis via phagocyte clearance
2) Tissue immune surveillance.
3) Control of an innate immune response to infection
4) Antigen Presenting to T cell
5) Resolution of inflammation
28
True or False: Ags include proteins, Carbs, Lipids, and nucleic acids
True
29
What gives rise to Humoral Immunity and production of immunoglobulins
Development and maturation of B cells
30
An adult human is producing less than 1x10^11 neutrophils which cytokine may be deficient?
Granulocyte Colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
31
What are the Two Types of Adaptive Immunity
Cellular Immunity and Humoral Immunity
32
What Factor stimulates the mononuclear lineage
Monocyte/Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
33
Are NK cells apart of the innate or adaptive immune system
Innate
34
Draw the Origin of Blood Cells
Draw the Origin of Blood Cells
35
What are the primary lymphoid organs
Thymus and Bone Marrow
36
What are the Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Spleen
Lymph Nodes
Mucosa-associated lymphoid
37
What is the name of the stem cell that is common to all blood cells?
Common CD34+ Pluripotent Stem Cell
38
Naive Lymphocytes Life Span
1-3 months
39
What T Helper Cells express what protein?
CD4+
40
Function of T-Helper Cell
Provide help for B cell growth and differentiation
41
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Express What Protein
CD8
42
Function of cytotoxic lymphocytes
Recognize and kill virus-infected cells
43
What happens to T cells that are highly reactive to self-Ags?
Deleted by apoptosis
44
They ima
Slow-growing tumor that typically start in thymine epithelial cells.
***DOESNT spread beyond the thymus gland
45
Thymus Carcinoma
Aggressive cancer of thymine epithelial cells
**Spreads quickly
46
When are most thymomas/thymic carcinomaas diagnosed?
Between 40 and 60
47
True or False?
Thymoma/Thymic Carcinoma-associated immunodeficiencies are very rare
48
Leukemia
Overgrowth of immature blood cells leading to a shortage of normal white and RBCs and platelets
*Associated with infections (anemia and bruising)
49
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Overproduction of one type of blood cell
50
Multiple Myeloma
Abnormal Plasma Cells produce proteins that impair the development of normal blood cells causing anemia and leukopenia
51
Lymphoma
Cancer that develops in circulating blood lymphocytes after production in bone marrow
52
Name the places where lymphocytes don’t circulate
Eye
Brain
Testicles
53
Lymphocytes enter secondary lymphoid organs via what?
HEVs
54
How do Naive Lymphocytes renter the circulation?
Via Efferent lymph vessels that merge into the thoracic duct
55
Ag-activated B cell proliferates mature into what cells?
Plasma Cells or Memory Cells
56
Ag-Activated B cells primarily produce Abs against what type of microbes?
Extracellular Blood Microbes
57
Spleen Participates in immune responses against many types of _____ pathogens.
Blood-Born
58
The spleen in made up of T cell zone and B cell zone. Where are each of these located in the spleen?
T cell zone: Located centrally
B cell zone: Distributed around the T zone in tightly packed follicles
59
T cell zone of the spleen is also known as what?
Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath or PALS
60
Neutrophil Function
Early phagocytosis and killing of microbes
61
Macrophages
Efficient phagocytosis and killing of microbes secretion of cytokines that stimulate inflammation
62
NK Cell Function
1) Lysis of infected cells
| 2) Activation of macrophages
63
Circulating Effector Cells of Innate Immunity
Neutrophils
Macrophages
NK cell
64
Circulating effector proteins of Innate Immunity
Complement
Mannose-binding lectin (collectin)
C-reactive protein (pentraxin)
65
Complement Function
Killing of microbes
Opsonization of microbes
Activation of leukocytes
66
Mannose-binding lectin (Collectin)
Opsonization of microbes
| Activation of complement (Lectin pathway)
67
C-reactive protein (pentraxin)
Opsonization of microbes
| Activation of complement
68
Cytokines of Innate Immunity
1) TNF, IL-1, Chemokines - inflammation
2) IFN-alpha and beta - viral infection
3) IFN-y - Macrophage activation
4) IL-12 - IFN-y production by NK cells and T cells
5) IL-15 - Proliferation of NK cells
6) IL-10, TGF-B - Control of inflammation
69
Two Types of Toll-like Receptors, TLRs
1) Cell Surface: TLR-1,2,4,5,6
| 2) Endosomal: TLR-3,7,8,9
70
List and Describe the Toll-like receptors found associated with NK cells.
1) TLR3 - Double-stranded viral RNAs
| 2) TLR 7 and 8 - Single-Stranded viral RNAs
71
List and Describe the Toll-like receptors found associated with Intestinal Epithelium
TLR5 - Flagellin
72
TLR1:TLR2 heterodimer ligands are Lipopeptides and GPI. Which Cells carry these receptors?
1) Monocytes
2) Dendritic Cells
3) Eosinophils
4) Basophils
5) Mast Cells
73
TLR2:TLR6 heterodimer is associated with Lipoteichoic acid and Zymosan. Which cells are associated with these Toll-like receptors?
1) Monocytes
2) Dendritic Cells
3) Eosinophils
4) Basophils
5) Mast Cells
74
TLR4:TLR4 homodimers ligand is lipopolysaccharide. Which cells have these receptors?
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Mast Cells
Eosinophils
75
TLR7 detects single stranded viral RNAs like HIV. Which cells will have these receptors?
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
NK cells,
Eosinophis
B Cells
76
TLR9 detects unmethylated CpG-rich DNA. Which cells have these receptors?
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
B Cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
77
TLRs when activated will activate NF-kB and IRFs. What are the 3 signaling pathways of TLRs, and what is the role of NF-kB and IRFs?
NF-kB and IRFs are transcription factors
1) TRIF
2) MyD88/TRIF
3) MyD88
78
Describe the TRIF, MyD88/TRIF, and MyD88 pathways.
TRIF: TLR3 uses only the adaptor protein TRIF to activate NF-kB and IRFs transcription proteins
MyD88/TRIF: TLR4 use both MyD88 and TRIF to activate NF- kB and IRFs
MyD88: TLRs 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 use only the adaptor protein MyD88 to activate the transcription factors NF-kB and interferon- regulatory factor (IRF) transcription proteins
79
In what way(s) can TLRs be detrimental to the host?
1) Tissue injury by inducting apoptosis in host cell
| 2) Lead to life-threading symptoms of septic shock
80
Major CC Chemokines
MCP-1 (CCL2)
MIP-1B (CCL4)
MIP-3B (CCL19)
SLC (CCL21)
81
Major CXC Chemokines
IL-8 (CXCL8)
IP-10 (CXCL10)
SDF-1aB (CXCL12)
CXCL13 (BCA-1)
82
Function of MCP-1
Mixed leukocyte recruitment (monocytes)
83
Function of MIP-1B
1) T cell, dendritic cell, Monocyte, and NK recruitment
| 2) HIV coreceptor
84
MIP-3B Function
T cell and dendritic cell migration into parafollicular zones of lymph nodes
85
Function of SLC
T cell and dendritic cell migration into paarafollicular zones of lymph nodes
86
Function of IL-8
Neutrophil recruitment
87
IP-10 Function
Effector T cell recruitment
88
SDF-1aB Function
Homing naive B cells to LNs
89
BCA-1 Function
1) B cell migration into follicles
| 2) T follicular helper cell migration into follicles
90
Cytokine IL-12 produced by DCs controls what?
Cell-mediated immunity via T cell stimulation
91
What pathways do NLRs trigger?
NF-kB
| MAPK
92
What does NLRs stand for
Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors
93
What do NLRs control the activation of?
Inflammatory cascades
94
What triggers an NLR response
1) Cytosolic PAMPs and DAMPs
95
What occurs when NLRs are triggered by PAMPs and DAMPs
Forms a inflammasome signaling complex
96
What does an NLR inflammasome do?
Activates Caspase-1
97
What is the function of caspase-1
Cleaves pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1B and IL-18 which drives inflammation
98
Name things that trigger inflammasome activation
1) Microbial Products
2) Crystals: Uric Acid and Aluminum Hydroxide
3) Reduction in cytosolic Potassium ion concentrations
4) ATP release by mitochondria
99
What is the program cell death that is caused by inflammasome activation
Pyroptosis
100
What os Pyroptosis
A programmed cell death of macrophages and DCs caused by release of inflammatory mediators including IL-1B, IL-18, TNF, IL-6, and IL-8
101
What are Scavenger receptors?
Important in tissue remodeling after collateral damage due to inflammation and infections
102
List the type of scavenger receptors
1) Class A Type I
2) Class A Type II
3) Macrophage Receptor with Collagenous Structure
103
True or False: SR KO mice don’t have an increased susceptibility to infection
False
104
All the SR types are expressed on Macrophages. What type of antigens do they bind to?
They bind to bacterial constituents based on negative charges
105
Name some bacterial constituents that have negative charges which allow SRs to bind to them
1) LPS
2) Lipoteichoic Acid
3) Nucleic Acids
4) B-glucagon
5) Proteins
106
Name a way that SRs can lead to Atherosclerosis
1) SR-AI and SR-AII mediates the uptake of oxidized lipoproteins
107
Inflammation is Innate reaction caused by:
1) Increased blood supply leading to redness and heat
2) Increased capillary permeability causing swelling and pain
3) Massive influx of neutrophils in the tissues
4) Arrival of monocytes/macrophages
5) Loss of function and homeostasis
108
What are the 3 DAMPs that were talked about in class
HMGB1
Uric Acid
HSPs
109
True or False: DAMPs activate NF-kB
True
110
What is the receptor for HMGB1
RAGE
111
What is the receptor for Uric Acid
NLRP3
112
What is the receptor for HSP?
Scavenger Receptor Class A
113
What are Defensins
Small cationic peptides with cationic and hydrophobic regions produced by epithelial cells, neutrophils, NK cells, CTLs
114
How do defensins kill microbes
They insert into and disrupt function of microbial membranes
115
True or False: Defensins synthesis is stimulated by cytokines and microbial products via PRRs
True
116
What microbes do Defensins have direct toxicity against
Bacteria
Fungi
Enveloped Viruses
117
Function of Defensins
Kill microbes and Regulate activation of immune cells involved in the inflammatory response
118
IL-12 is produced by macrophages and it tells NK cells to do what?
Secrete IFN-y
119
What is the function of IFN-y
Activates macrophages to kill phagocytized microbes
120
How do NK cells kill Target Cells
1) NK cell releases performing which polymerize and form a hole in the enemy cell membrane
2) Granzymes from NK cell enter performing hole and degrade enemy cell enzymes
3) Enemy Cell dies by apoptosis
4) Macrophage engulfs and digests dying cell
121
What type of cells do NK cells kill?
Stressed Cells
| Infected Cells
122
What two important receptors do NK cells have?
1) Activating Receptors (KARs)
| 2) Inhibitory Receptors (KIRs)
123
Purpose of KARs
recognize stress-associated molecules on the surface of abnormal host cells
124
Purpose of KIRs
Recognize class I MHC and activate protein tyrosine phospjatases (PTP) inhibit and activation signal
125
What happens when there is insufficient KIR-MHC I binding?
NK cell will proceed to kill the target host cell
126
Sufficient binding by KIRs will do what?
Override the KAR kill signal sparing the life of the host cell
127
Systemic Pathological Effects of TNF
1) Low cardiac output
2) Increased permeability of blood vessels
3) Thrombus of blood vessels
4) Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle
128
Systemic Protective effects of TNF, IL-1, and IL-6
1) Acts on the brain to cause fever
2) IL-1 and IL-6 act on liver to cause production of acute phase proteins
3) Acts on bone marrow to cause leukocyte production
129
How can CRP and SAP activate complement
They can bind to C1q and initiate the classical pathway
130
CRP and SAP recognize ..... and ......., respectively, which are found on bacteria and apoptotic cells
Phosphorylcholine
| Phosphatidylethanolamine
131
CXCL8
IL8
132
What are L-selections?
L-selections (CD62L) expressed on lymphocytes
| They will bind to L-selection ligand that is expressed on the surface of HEVs with high affinity for the receptor
133
What is another name for L-selectin ligands
Peripheral Node Addressins (PNAd)
134
What is most important for homing of NIAIVE t and b lymphocytes into lymphonodes?
The interactions between L-selectin and L-selectin Ligand
135
Name the Integrins
LFA-1
Mac-1
VLA-4
a4-b7 integrin
136
List the integrins and their ligands
LFA-1 - ICAM- 1 and 2
Mac-1 - ICAM - 1 and 2
VLA-4 - VCAM -1
a4b7 integrin VCAM-1 and MadCAM-1
137
In what conformation are integrins expressing their highest affinity>
In their extended conformation. When they are in bent conformation, they are in their lowest affinity
138
CCL19
MIP3B
139
CCL21
SLC
140
CCL4
MIP1B
141
CCL2
MCP1
142
CXCL10
IP-10
143
CXCL13
BCA-1
144
CXCL12
SDF-1ab
145
What are other names for CXCL10 and CCL4, and what are they primarily used for?
Chemotaxis to peripheral tissues and activation of integrins
146
What Chemokines are used for naive T cell homing in the lymph nodes?
CCL19 or CCL21
147
Where do immature naive B cells mature?
White Pulp
148
Where is CXCL12 expressed and what does it do?
CXCL12 is also known as SDF-1ab and it is expressed on HEVs and their Chemokines receptors. This is going to aid in intergrin activation
149
What Chemokines is drives B cells into the B cell zone of the LN?
CXCL13 which is also know as BCA-1
150
Name all the ligands that can be detected by TLRs
```
Lipopeptides
GPI
Lipoteichoic Acid
Zymosan
Lipoplysaccharide
Flagellin
Single-stranded viral RNAs
Double-stranded viral RNA
Unmethylated CPG-rich DNA
```
151
List all of the complement regulators
DAF
CR1
Factor I
152
Function of DAF in terms of complement regulation
Blocks C2:C4b interaction and C3b:Bb interaction
| Enhance dissociation of C4bC2a and C3bBb
153
Function of CR1
1) Receptor for C3b and aids in activation of phagocytosis
2) Enhances dissociation of C4bC2a interaction
3) Prevents assembly of the C3 and C5 convertaSE WITH AID FROM FACTOR I
154
Factor I is also known as what?
C3b/C4b inactivator
155
Functions of Factor I
1) Prevents assembly of C3 and C5 convertaSE via cleavage of C4b and C3b; will use CR1 as a cofactors
