Test 1

Question 1

What is modernism?

Answer 1

a series of artistic revolutions against the old traditions and convention

Question 2

What does modernism embrace?

Answer 2

the industrialized present, science and technology, belief in progress

Question 3

When did modernism last?

Answer 3

Late 19th century to mid 1960’s

Question 4

What is the origin of post-modernism?

Answer 4

originates in the 1960’s when architects mixed styles in a playful way

Question 5

What is the meaning of post-modernism?

Answer 5

mixes elements from different cultures and periods, questions the autonomy of the individual, questions the objective basis of knowledge

Question 6

What does post-modernism reject?

Answer 6

modernsim, mainstream culture

Question 7

When did impressionism start?

Answer 7

1860’s

Question 8

What are the characteristics of impressionism?

Answer 8

-emphasis on the effects of light, shadows and colour, more artistic liberty on the actual subject

Question 9

When did expressionism start and end and why?

Answer 9

Started in the late 19th century and ended in the 1930’s due to the Nazi party being elected

Question 10

What are the main characteristics of expressionism?

Answer 10

• focuses on emotions

- primitive and striking artwork

Question 11

What did dadaist artists reject?

Answer 11

the traditional forms of art

Question 12

Where and when did dadaism start?

Answer 12

Zurich, Switzerland in early 20th century

Question 13

What are the two words that best describe dadaist art?

Answer 13

nihlistic, antiaesthetic

Question 14

Where and when did minimalism originate?

Answer 14

New York in the 1960’s

Question 15

What is minimalism?

Answer 15

extreme simplicity and repetitiveness

Question 16

What movement was minimalism rebelling against?

Answer 16

expressionism

Question 17

What is polytonality and give an example?

Answer 17

simultaneous use of 2 or more key in a composition

Charles Ives Holidays IV Washington’s Birthday

Question 18

What is atonality and give an example?

Answer 18

the absence of tonality, key and pitch center

Alban Berg Altenberg Lieder no. 1

Question 19

What is serialism and give an example?

Answer 19

a rhythmic pattern that repeats over and over for a significant length of the composition
Arnold Schoenberg Piano Piece opus 33a

Question 20

What is integral serialism?

Answer 20

serial techniques to other parameters of music

Question 21

What is indeterminacy and give an example?

Answer 21

when the composer leaves certain aspects of the music unspecified
John Cage Waterwalk

Question 22

What are microtones and give an example of a piece that uses them?

Answer 22

An interval that is smaller than a half step

Harry Partch 11 Intrusions no. 2 Study on Archytas Enharmonic

Question 23

What are extended techniques and give an example of a piece that uses them?

Answer 23

unorthodox methods of singing or playing your instrument

Luciano Berio Sequenza III for woman’s voice

Question 24

What is musique concrete and give an example?

Answer 24

music that utilizes everyday sounds as raw material in a compostition
Edgard Varese Poeme electronique

Question 25

What is floating tonality?

Answer 25

it implicates a tonic chord without using it directly

Question 26

What is progressive tonality?

Answer 26

a piece that starts in one key and ends in another

Question 27

What advancements is Gustav Mahler responsible for?

Answer 27

• progressive tonality
• dissolution of tonality
• breakaway from harmony
• contrapuntal texture
• using sounds from everyday life

Question 28

What were Debussy’s advancements to music

Answer 28

• used new scales, octatonic, whole tone, pentatonic, modes
• sonority of a chord is more important than its functional role
• contrasts between longer pitch collection
• exotic influences from spanish and javanese gamelan music

Question 29

What is javanese gamelan music?

Answer 29

large ensemble of percussionists, indonesian music

Question 30

What did Bela Bartok use from folk music?

Answer 30

• folk rhythms

- folk modes (whole tone, octatonic)

Question 31

What did Bartok do that was symmetrical?

Answer 31

• forms, A B C B A

- organisation of pitch collections, E and E phrygian

Question 32

What other innovations did Bartok use?

Answer 32

• polymodality

- non-functional tonality

Question 33

What were Bartok’s influences?

Answer 33

• classical: Beethoven and Liszt
• contemporary: Strauss, Debussy, Stravinsky, Schoenberg
• Hungarian folk music

Question 34

What are Stravinsky’s important ballets?

Answer 34

Firebird, Petrushka, the rite of spring

Question 35

How did Stravinsky use pitch collections?

Answer 35

-used octatonic scales, tetrachords, suddenly changing pitch collections, non-functional tonality

Question 36

What were Stravinsky’s contributions to rhythm?

Answer 36

-constant changes in meter

Question 37

Who did Arnold Schoenberg teach?

Answer 37

Alban Berg and Anton Webern

Question 38

What did Schoenberg do during his tonal period?

Answer 38

used developing variation: initial idea of the piece is gradually altered and becomes the basis of the material for the whole piece

Question 39

What did Schoenberg do during his 2nd period?

Answer 39

• changed the meaning of dissonance
• dissonance is only less familiar consonance
• dissonance doesn’t need to resolve

Question 40

What is Schoenberg’s 3rd period involve?

Answer 40

• serialism
• 12 tone schromatic scale
• tone row

Question 41

What are the 4 forms of a tone row?

Answer 41

• prime: original version
• retrograde: played backwards
• inversion: intervals go in the opposite direction
• retrograde-inversion: backwards and upside down

Question 42

What was Stravinsky bring back in the 1920’s to 40’s?

Answer 42

Neoclassicism

Question 43

What is a fortspinnung?

Answer 43

motif is developped into an entire musical structure using sequences, intervallic changes or simple repetitions