Test #1 Flashcards
Law of Segregation
Allele pairs segregate during gamete formation
Law of Independent
separate genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation
What kind of non-Mendelian genetics results in an intermediate phenotype and a 1:2:1 ratio in the F2 Generation
Incomplete Dominance
What is an example of codominance
Blood type
How can you un-link linked genes
Crossover during meiosis
In Avery and Griffith’s experiment, what was the transforming agent
DNA
Sickle-Cell anemia follows what kind of inheritance
Mendelian
What disease is caused by a 3 base pair deletion
Cystic Fibrosis
What results that Hershey and Chase discovered that supports Avery and Griffiths
Sulfur, attached to proteins, was in the super. Phosphate, attached to DNA, was in pellet.
Is it possible for a female to have hemophilia, a recessive X-linked disease
Yes, mom would have to be a carrier and dad would have to be a hemophiliac.
DNA possesses what kind of charge
Negative
What kind of bonds are involved in secondary structures of proteins
H-bonds
What amino acids work well in turns
Proline and Glycine
Chaperone proteins helps with
Protein folding
If we want to purify a protein with an overall negative charge, what protein purification method would we use?
Ion - Exchange chromatography
What interaction usually has lowest binding affinity
Enzyme-substrate interatctions
CoFactors
Usually inorganic metal ions used to bind with enzyme for proper function
Types of protein modification
Methylation and Phosphoralytion
Binding of an effector to one part of an enzyme to allow substrate binding
Allosteric interactions
Transcription
RNA polymerase opens the DNA complex and copies one strand into RNA.
Translation
mRNA associates with small sub-unit of Ribosome. Larger sub-unit comes in and moves tRNA that matches 3 base pairs that code for a specific amino Acid
Recombination Frequency (Genetic Maps)
Higher the frequency of recombination, the further apart the genes are on the chromosome.
Hemophilia is a _____ Disease
Sex-linked Genes
Huntington’s Disease is a _____ disease
Repeated 3 base pair sequence
Sickle cell Anemia is a _____ disease
single base pair mutation
Its Mendelian
Cystic Fibrosis is a ______ disease
3 base pair mutation
What does Phosphate go with and what does Sulfate go with
P: DNA
S: Protein
Secondary Structures are held by
Hydrogen bonding in the peptide backbone (Not R Groups)
Supersecondary structures
multiple adjacent secondary strucutes such as beta-alpha-beta, beta hairpin, beta barrel, etc.
Ion-Exchange resin
using Ionic charges +/- to attach a specific protein for purification
Gel-exclusion resin
small openings in beads allow the catching of small proteins
Affinity Resin
Beads are covered in a specific ligand that binds to a specific protein catching it so that it doesn’t flow through
Western Blot
used to identify proteins of interest when you have an antibody against the protein
Highest Affinity
Lowest Affinity
Biotin-Avidin
Enzyme-Substrate
Lac Repressor function
Interacts with DNA in a specific binding spot. It bends the DNA to 140 degrees stopping transcription
Cofactor
inorganic elements that bear a positive charge. Many enzymes need these to function.
Coenzyme
Transient carriers of specific atoms or functional groups. donate these groups to enzyme for proper function
Competitive
Inhibitor fights the substrate for the active site
Uncompetitive
Inhibitor binds at a distinct site from the active site when the substrate is bound
Mixed
Inhibitor binds at a distinct site from the active site whether or not the substrate is bound
Modification of Amino acids
Mostly Phosphorylation
DNA termini
5’ to 3’
Purines
G & A they are double rings
Difference between Deoxyribose and Ribose
Deoxyribose has a H on 2’ Carbon, Ribose has an OH group on 2’ Carbon
Difference between Urcail and Thymine
Thymine has a CH3 off of the 5’ Carbon, Uracil has a H off of the 5’ Carbon
High pH ( >8) does what to DNA and RNA
Degrades RNA but only Denatures DNA
Methylation
Changing of group on the base pair from a H to a Methyl group
Most common form on DNA in cells
B-DNA
Strange RNA base pairs
A-A and G-U can produce since it is a single strand
Ways to denature DNA
Heat or High pH
Southern blot
Finding if Gene is in an organism. Cut DNA (restriction endonuclease) Denature DNA add radioactive probe
Northern Blot
Is a certain Gene expressed so for RNA. Don’t use High pH or the RNA will be degraded
DNA Polymerase
fills single-strand gaps in duplex DNA by stepwise addition to 3’ends
Polynucleotide Kinase
Adds a Phosphate to the 5’ -OH end of the polynucleotide
Terminal transferase
Adds homopolymer tails to the 3’ OH end of linear duplex
Alkaline phosphate
Removes terminal phosphates from the 5’ end, the 3’ end, or both
polylinker
multiple sites for restriction enzymes so you can pick the RE that works best for DNA of interest (included in expression vectors
Keys to a cloning vector
Replication Origin, Genes for antibiotic resistance, Several unique restriction enzyme cut sites, Small size to accommodate DNA inserts
Chemical compound used to help Bacteria take up a Vector
CaCl2
BAC
YAC
Bacteria artificial chromosome
Yeast artificial chromosome
Building a cDNA library
From RNA, use a reverse transcriptase to produce DNA, then using DNA polymerase create a full double stranded DNA that codes specifically for protein only.
PCR
Denature DNA Using heat, Anneal the primers to DNA (lower heat), Elongate strand by DNA polymerase, repeat cycle several times
Terminal Transferase
Adds sticky ends onto blunt ends. sticky ends are more effective for ligation
dTTP terminal transferase
dATP terminal transferase
Adds TTTTTTTT’s
Adds AAAAAAA’s
Expression Vector
used to express a specific stand that makes a specific protein. has a promoter section to turn on and off and polylinker for easy ligation
GFP
Green Fluorescent Protein. Used to trace where proteins end up in cell
Sanger sequencing
Uses ddNTP to stop synthesis of DNA at certain spots. This allows for mapping of a strands base pairs
