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MMBIO 240 > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Allele pairs segregate during gamete formation

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2
Q

Law of Independent

A

separate genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation

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3
Q

What kind of non-Mendelian genetics results in an intermediate phenotype and a 1:2:1 ratio in the F2 Generation

A

Incomplete Dominance

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4
Q

What is an example of codominance

A

Blood type

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5
Q

How can you un-link linked genes

A

Crossover during meiosis

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6
Q

In Avery and Griffith’s experiment, what was the transforming agent

A

DNA

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7
Q

Sickle-Cell anemia follows what kind of inheritance

A

Mendelian

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8
Q

What disease is caused by a 3 base pair deletion

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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9
Q

What results that Hershey and Chase discovered that supports Avery and Griffiths

A

Sulfur, attached to proteins, was in the super. Phosphate, attached to DNA, was in pellet.

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10
Q

Is it possible for a female to have hemophilia, a recessive X-linked disease

A

Yes, mom would have to be a carrier and dad would have to be a hemophiliac.

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11
Q

DNA possesses what kind of charge

A

Negative

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12
Q

What kind of bonds are involved in secondary structures of proteins

A

H-bonds

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13
Q

What amino acids work well in turns

A

Proline and Glycine

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14
Q

Chaperone proteins helps with

A

Protein folding

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15
Q

If we want to purify a protein with an overall negative charge, what protein purification method would we use?

A

Ion - Exchange chromatography

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16
Q

What interaction usually has lowest binding affinity

A

Enzyme-substrate interatctions

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17
Q

CoFactors

A

Usually inorganic metal ions used to bind with enzyme for proper function

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18
Q

Types of protein modification

A

Methylation and Phosphoralytion

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19
Q

Binding of an effector to one part of an enzyme to allow substrate binding

A

Allosteric interactions

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20
Q

Transcription

A

RNA polymerase opens the DNA complex and copies one strand into RNA.

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21
Q

Translation

A

mRNA associates with small sub-unit of Ribosome. Larger sub-unit comes in and moves tRNA that matches 3 base pairs that code for a specific amino Acid

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22
Q

Recombination Frequency (Genetic Maps)

A

Higher the frequency of recombination, the further apart the genes are on the chromosome.

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23
Q

Hemophilia is a _____ Disease

A

Sex-linked Genes

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24
Q

Huntington’s Disease is a _____ disease

A

Repeated 3 base pair sequence

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25
Q

Sickle cell Anemia is a _____ disease

A

single base pair mutation

Its Mendelian

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26
Q

Cystic Fibrosis is a ______ disease

A

3 base pair mutation

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27
Q

What does Phosphate go with and what does Sulfate go with

A

P: DNA
S: Protein

28
Q

Secondary Structures are held by

A

Hydrogen bonding in the peptide backbone (Not R Groups)

29
Q

Supersecondary structures

A

multiple adjacent secondary strucutes such as beta-alpha-beta, beta hairpin, beta barrel, etc.

30
Q

Ion-Exchange resin

A

using Ionic charges +/- to attach a specific protein for purification

31
Q

Gel-exclusion resin

A

small openings in beads allow the catching of small proteins

32
Q

Affinity Resin

A

Beads are covered in a specific ligand that binds to a specific protein catching it so that it doesn’t flow through

33
Q

Western Blot

A

used to identify proteins of interest when you have an antibody against the protein

34
Q

Highest Affinity

Lowest Affinity

A

Biotin-Avidin

Enzyme-Substrate

35
Q

Lac Repressor function

A

Interacts with DNA in a specific binding spot. It bends the DNA to 140 degrees stopping transcription

36
Q

Cofactor

A

inorganic elements that bear a positive charge. Many enzymes need these to function.

37
Q

Coenzyme

A

Transient carriers of specific atoms or functional groups. donate these groups to enzyme for proper function

38
Q

Competitive

A

Inhibitor fights the substrate for the active site

39
Q

Uncompetitive

A

Inhibitor binds at a distinct site from the active site when the substrate is bound

40
Q

Mixed

A

Inhibitor binds at a distinct site from the active site whether or not the substrate is bound

41
Q

Modification of Amino acids

A

Mostly Phosphorylation

42
Q

DNA termini

A

5’ to 3’

43
Q

Purines

A

G & A they are double rings

44
Q

Difference between Deoxyribose and Ribose

A

Deoxyribose has a H on 2’ Carbon, Ribose has an OH group on 2’ Carbon

45
Q

Difference between Urcail and Thymine

A

Thymine has a CH3 off of the 5’ Carbon, Uracil has a H off of the 5’ Carbon

46
Q

High pH ( >8) does what to DNA and RNA

A

Degrades RNA but only Denatures DNA

47
Q

Methylation

A

Changing of group on the base pair from a H to a Methyl group

48
Q

Most common form on DNA in cells

A

B-DNA

49
Q

Strange RNA base pairs

A

A-A and G-U can produce since it is a single strand

50
Q

Ways to denature DNA

A

Heat or High pH

51
Q

Southern blot

A

Finding if Gene is in an organism. Cut DNA (restriction endonuclease) Denature DNA add radioactive probe

52
Q

Northern Blot

A

Is a certain Gene expressed so for RNA. Don’t use High pH or the RNA will be degraded

53
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

fills single-strand gaps in duplex DNA by stepwise addition to 3’ends

54
Q

Polynucleotide Kinase

A

Adds a Phosphate to the 5’ -OH end of the polynucleotide

55
Q

Terminal transferase

A

Adds homopolymer tails to the 3’ OH end of linear duplex

56
Q

Alkaline phosphate

A

Removes terminal phosphates from the 5’ end, the 3’ end, or both

57
Q

polylinker

A

multiple sites for restriction enzymes so you can pick the RE that works best for DNA of interest (included in expression vectors

58
Q

Keys to a cloning vector

A

Replication Origin, Genes for antibiotic resistance, Several unique restriction enzyme cut sites, Small size to accommodate DNA inserts

59
Q

Chemical compound used to help Bacteria take up a Vector

A

CaCl2

60
Q

BAC

YAC

A

Bacteria artificial chromosome

Yeast artificial chromosome

61
Q

Building a cDNA library

A

From RNA, use a reverse transcriptase to produce DNA, then using DNA polymerase create a full double stranded DNA that codes specifically for protein only.

62
Q

PCR

A

Denature DNA Using heat, Anneal the primers to DNA (lower heat), Elongate strand by DNA polymerase, repeat cycle several times

63
Q

Terminal Transferase

A

Adds sticky ends onto blunt ends. sticky ends are more effective for ligation

64
Q

dTTP terminal transferase

dATP terminal transferase

A

Adds TTTTTTTT’s

Adds AAAAAAA’s

65
Q

Expression Vector

A

used to express a specific stand that makes a specific protein. has a promoter section to turn on and off and polylinker for easy ligation

66
Q

GFP

A

Green Fluorescent Protein. Used to trace where proteins end up in cell

67
Q

Sanger sequencing

A

Uses ddNTP to stop synthesis of DNA at certain spots. This allows for mapping of a strands base pairs

MMBIO 240 (2 decks)

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