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Test 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do all cells have in common?

A

Cell membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribososomes

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2
Q

What is another name for Cell membrane?

A

Plasma membrane, phospholipid membrane, phospholipid bilayer

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3
Q

What is cytosol?

A

a thing; in all cells; a semifluid,jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended

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4
Q

What do chromosomes do?

A

carry genes in the form of DNA

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5
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

tiny complexes that make/synthesize proteins according to the genes ( not an organelle)

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6
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

A

small, larger to surface to volume ratio, do not have organelles, circular DNA, no introns, transcription and translation occur at the same time and place, DNA in nucleoid

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8
Q

What are the two domains in prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria, Archaea

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9
Q

What are introns?

A

garbage DNA

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10
Q

What is Fimbriae?

A

Prokaryotic: (proteins) attach structures on the surface of some cells
Eukaryotic: none in this cell

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11
Q

What is bacterias cell wall made of?

A

peptidoglycan

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12
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

a rigid structure made of carbohydrates

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13
Q

What is glycolax?

A

outer coating consisting of a capsule or a slime layer

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14
Q

What do flagella do?

A

Prokaryotic: used in locomotion
Eukaryotic: act to move the cell in water

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15
Q

What is flagella?

A

microtuble extensions projecting from the cell found in one or few numbers found on the same side or opposite sides of the cell

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16
Q

What are the kingdoms in eukaryotic cells?

A

protista, Animalia, Plantae, fungi

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17
Q

Where is DNA constricted to in a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Double membrane bound nucleus

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18
Q

What are organelles?

A

a single or double bound membrane structure

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19
Q

What is a nucleus and what does it do?

A

contains most genes, generally biggest organelle, enclosed by nuclear envelope, perforated with pores, lined by nuclear lamina, stores chromosomes

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20
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

two membranes lined with proteins, perforated with pores

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21
Q

What is a pore complex?

A

regulator of proteins, RNAs, large macromolecules entering and exiting nucleus

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22
Q

What is a nuclear lamina?

A

a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus (in animal cells it is called intermediate filaments)

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23
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

DNA that is organized into discrete units containing one long DNA molecule and associated with many proteins

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24
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA plus associated proteins

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25
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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26
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

functions in ribosome synthesis

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27
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Bound and Free ribosomes

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28
Q

What do free ribosomes do and where are they located in the cell?

A

Make proteins that function within the cell and they are located in the cytosol

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29
Q

What do bound ribosomes do and where are they located in the cell?

A

make proteins that are destined for insertion into the membranes and are attached to the outside of the ER or the nuclear envelope

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30
Q

Are free and Bound ribosomes structurally Identical?

A

Yes

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31
Q

What are proteins?

A

They are the workhorses and do all the work for the cell.

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32
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is the recipe for proteins

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33
Q

What is each recipe called?

A

Genes

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34
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

the process of making proteins involving different organelles and structures (ribosomes are technically not organelles)

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35
Q

What organelles and structures do the endomembrane system include?

A

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles,vacuole,lysosomes

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36
Q

What are the characteristics of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

accounts for half total membrane, continuous with nuclear envelope, compromised of cisternae, encloses a continuous compartment

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37
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

synthesizes proteins on half and synthesizes lipids on the other half

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38
Q

What are cisternae?

A

membranous interconnected tubules and flattened sacs

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39
Q

What is the ER Lumen or cisternal space?

A

encloses a continuous compartment

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40
Q

What are the characteristics of the rough Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

site of protein synthesis, studded with ribosomes,a membrane factory

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41
Q

What is the job of the rough Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

grows membrane for itself and the cell

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42
Q

What are the characteristics of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

not studded with ribosomes

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43
Q

What is the job of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

synthesize lipids and new membrane phospholipids, metabolize carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and posions, stores calcium

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44
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

proteins with carbohydrates attached via covalent bonds

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45
Q

What are most secretory proteins?

A

glycoproteins

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46
Q

What are the jobs of the golgi apparatus?

A

modify, store and ship products from the ER

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47
Q

What are the characteristics of the golgi apparatus?

A

consists of cisternae, molecular identification tags to direct products to the regions in the cell

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48
Q

What does the cis side of the golgi do?

A

recieves vesicles containing ER products

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49
Q

What does the trans side of the golgi do?

A

dispatches vesicles to their destination in or outside of the cell

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50
Q

What are the characteristics of a lysosome?

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, best in acidic environments

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51
Q

What is the job of a lysosome?

A

to digest macromolecules, amoebas and other unicellular eukaryotes engulf food particles, macrophages, autophagy, tay-sachs disease

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52
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

the food vacuole fuses with the lysosome, where the enzymes digest the food

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53
Q

What is autophagy?

A

lysosomes recycle the cell’s own organic material

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54
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease an example of?

lysosome storage disease

A

lysosome storage disease where an enzyme that is supposed to be present in the lysosome is not working the lysosome is unable to digest the material and starts clogging the cell

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55
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Sacs made of membrane that transfer items inside

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56
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi

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57
Q

What are the characteristics of a vacuole?

A

selective transporting solutes

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58
Q

What is a food vacuole and how is it made?

A

formed by phagocytosis when the cell engulfs food particles

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59
Q

What is a contractile vacuole and how is it made?

A

a vacuole that pumps water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell

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60
Q

Which cells carry out enzymatic hydrolysis and who shares that function?

A

plants and fungi in certain vacuoles; lysosomes

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61
Q

What do small vacuoles do in plant cells?

A

hold reserves of important organic compounds, store compounds posionous or unpalatable, contain pigments

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62
Q

What do large central vacuoles do in plant cells?

A

form by smaller vacuoles, helps with repository of inorganic ions, grows plant cell, (largest compartment in the plant cell)

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63
Q

What is cell sap and what does it do for the cell?

A

cell sap is the solution inside the vacuole and it is the main repository for inorganic ions

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64
Q

What are the tasks of the endomembrane system?

A

Synthesis of proteins, transport proteins into membranes, organelles, and out of the cell, metabolism, and movement of lipids, detoxification of poisons

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65
Q

What do mitochondria and chloroplasts do for the cell?

A

change energy from one form to the next

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66
Q

What is endosymbiont theory and what does it state?

A

that a eukaryotic cell engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell eventually the two co-existed together

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67
Q

What is the evidence for this theory?

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria have a double membrane, ribosomes, and circular DNA, autonomous from the cell

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68
Q

What dictates the number of mitochondria found in the cell?

A

the level of metabolic activity

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69
Q

What is special about the two phospholipid membranes of the mitochondria?

A

they are made of different proteins

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70
Q

What are the characteristics of the outer membrane?

A

it is smooth

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71
Q

What are the characteristics of the inner membrane?

A

convoluted with infoldings called cristae divides the mitochondrion into two internal compartments

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72
Q

What is cristae and how does it help the mitochondria?

A

give the mitochondria membrane a large surface area thus enhancing the productivity of cellular respiration

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73
Q

What is the inner membrane space?

A

the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes

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74
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

inclosed by inner membrane, catalyze some of the steps in cellular respiration

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75
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

process by which the cell turns biological molecules( obtained from food) into ATP(energy)

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76
Q

What are the characteristics of chloroplasts?

A

contain chlorophyll enzymes and other molecules, separated by narrow intermembrane space

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77
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

green pigment capture energy of sunlight to produce glucose have thylakoids

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78
Q

What is glucose used in the plant cell for?

A

to build itself or put through cellular respiration in the mitochondria to make energy

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79
Q

What are thylakoids and what do they do?

A

membranous system in the form of flattened interconnected sacs, stacked like poker chips to make granum

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80
Q

What is granum?

A

when the thylakoids are stacked like poker chips

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81
Q

What is stroma?

A

The fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes and many enzymes

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82
Q

What are peroxisomes characteristics?

A

specialized organelle contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substances and transfer them to oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide the uses another enzyme to convert it to water

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83
Q

What are peroxisomes job?

A

break down fatty acids, detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds

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84
Q

What is cytoskeleton?

A

network of proteins that spans the cell composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

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85
Q

What is the characteristics of microtubules?

A

largest fiber by diameter, made of tubulin, form hollow rods, grow by adding dimers can also be disassembled

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86
Q

What are the jobs of microtubules?

A

shape and support the cell, serve as tracks for organelles and motor proteins, involved in separation of chromosomes during cell division form cilia and flagella

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87
Q

What is tubulin made of and why is it called a dimmer?

A

alpha and beta tubulin it is called a dimmer because it is made of alpha and beta tubulin

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88
Q

What are the characteristics of cilia?

A

found in large numbers, extensions projecting from the cells

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89
Q

What are the jobs of cilia?

A

move fluid over the surface of tissue and act as single receiving antenna for the cell

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90
Q

What is the characteristics of flagella?

A

found in one or few numbers projecting from the cell they can extend from one side of the cell or from both sides of the cell

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91
Q

What is the job of flagella?

A

act to move cell in water

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92
Q

What is a centrosome, what does it do, and where is it located in the cell?

A

grow microtubules, often located in a region near the nucleus

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93
Q

What is centriole?

A

make centrosomes composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

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94
Q

What are the characteristics of an intermediate filament?

A

medium fiber by diameter, each subunit protein made from keratin, sturdy, more permanent fixtures

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95
Q

What are the jobs of intermediate filaments?

A

bearing tension, reinforcing cell shape, fixing position of certain organelles

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96
Q

What is another name for microfilament?

A

actin filament

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97
Q

What is the characteristics of microfilaments?

A

smallest fiber, made from actin, twisted double chain of actin subunits, bear tension

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98
Q

What is the job of microfilaments?

A

form structural netoworks when certain proteins bind along the side, support cell shape, role in motility, cytoplasmic streaming

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99
Q

What reaction occurs when actin and myosin are put together?

A

cause contractions of the muscles, amoeboid crawling movement,

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100
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming and what does it do?

A

circular flow of cytoplasm within the cell, speeds up the movement of organelles and the distribution of materials within the cell

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101
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

the boundary of the living cell

102
Q

What eukaryotic cells do not have cell walls?

A

animals and some protist

103
Q

What are plants cell wall made of?

A

cellulose

104
Q

What is fungi cell wall made of?

A

chitin

105
Q

What is protists cell wall made of?

A

Various materials, species depending

106
Q

What is the job of the plant cell wall?

A

protect plant cell, maintains its shape, prevents the plant from up taking too much water

107
Q

What are primary cell walls?

A

what a young cell first secretes, thin and flexible

108
Q

What is the Middle lamella.

A

thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectin

109
Q

What does pectin do?

A

glues adjacent plant cells togehter

110
Q

What is the secondary cell walls?

A

made by some plants, between plasma membrane and cell wall, deposited in several laminated layers, strong durable matrix affords cell protection and support

111
Q

What do animals cells lack but have plenty of other of?

A

lack cell wall and have a lot of extracellular matrix

112
Q

What is ECM made of?

A

glycoproteins other carbohydrates containing molecules

113
Q

What protein accounts for 40% of the total protein in the body?

A

collagen

114
Q

What are collagen fibers embedded in?

A

woven of proteoglycans

115
Q

What is a proteoglycan?

A

small core protein with many carbohydrate chains

116
Q

What is a way cells are attached to the ECM?

A

glycoproteins such as fibronectin

117
Q

How do fibronectin bind to the ECM?

A

bind to the cell using cell surface receptor proteins called integins

118
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

how cells adhere, interact, communicate via direct contact

119
Q

Where are Plasmodesmata located and what does it do?

A

in plant cells, channels that connect cells, this unifies the plant, cytosol passing through the plasmodesmata joins the internal environments of adjacent cells

120
Q

What do tight junctions do and what is the cell type often uses them?

A

connects cells together to form watertight barriers, prevents leakage of extracellular fluid, these press the plasma membranes of neighboring cells together and epithelial cells

121
Q

What do desmosomes do and what type of cytoskeleton helps it?

A

function like rivets fastening cells like strong sheets intermediate filaments anchor the desmosomes to the cells

122
Q

What are cadherins and what do they do?

A

cadherins are the rivets these are cell-specific and will not bind without the proper binder

123
Q

What are gap junctions and what are these called in the heart muscle?

A

are channels from cell to an adjacent cell consist of membrane protein that surrounds pores through ions, sugar, amino acids, and other small molecules may pass these are necessary in the heart muscle, intercalated discs

124
Q

How many cells are in the body how many types of cells are there.

A

37.2 trillion in the human body and 200 types of cells

125
Q

What are the four main tissues?

A

Epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous

126
Q

What is the study of tissues?

A

histology

127
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

sheet of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body cavity

128
Q

Where are epithelial tissues found?

A

coverings, linings, and glands

129
Q

What is the apical surface?

A

the exposed part of the lining covering lining or gland exposed to the body exterior or cavity of an internal organ

130
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

the part exposed to the blood

131
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

noncellular, sticky sheet made of glycoproteins and collagen proteins

132
Q

How are epithelial cells glued together?

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

133
Q

What is reticular lamina?

A

a layer of extracellular matrix containing collagen

134
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

the basal lamina and the reticular lamina put together

135
Q

What is the job of the basement membrane?

A

reinforces the epithelial sheet and helpsit resist stretching and tearing

136
Q

What does it mean that epithelial cells are avascular but innervated?

A

It means that epithelial cells do not contain blood vessels but are supplied by nerve fibers

137
Q

Why do epithelial cells have a high regeneration rate?

A

because they are exposed to high amounts of friction, hostile substances, external environments

138
Q

What are the functions of epithelial cells?

A

to protect, absorb, filtrate, excete, secrete, and sensory reception

139
Q

What are the shapes of epithelial cells?

A

squamous, cubodial, columnar, and transotional

140
Q

What are the layers of epithelial cells?

A

simple stratified and pseudostratified

141
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

cancers originating in epithelium about 90% of cancers

142
Q

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A

all connective tissue arise from embryonic tissue mesenchyme, variety of blood supply, have a very high amount of extracellular matrix

143
Q

What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue?

A

Connective tissue

144
Q

What does the extracellular matrix help the connective tissue do?

A

to bear weight, withstand great tension, and endure abuses

145
Q

What are the kinds of fibers in connective tissue?

A

Elastic fiber, Collagenous fiber, and Reticular fiber

146
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

Long, thin proteins that form branching networks rubber like

147
Q

What do elastic fibers do for connective tissue?

A

allow tissue to stretch and recoil like rubber bands

148
Q

What is a major protein for elastic fibers?

A

elastin

149
Q

What protein is collagenous fiber made from?

A

collagen

150
Q

How are collagenous fibers extremely tough?

A

the proteins cross-link

151
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

short and fine to form delicate networks that surround small blood vessels and support soft tissues

152
Q

When are reticular fibers in the highest abundance?

A

when connective tissues are touching another tissue type

153
Q

What is ground substance?

A

interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid) , cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycan

154
Q

What does ground substance do?

A

fills the space between cells

155
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Binds and supports other tissues, protects, insulates, stores reserve fuel, transports substances

156
Q

Where are simple columnar cells found?

A

stomach, small intestine, large intestine

157
Q

How many classes of connective tissues are there?

A

four

158
Q

What is another name for stem cells?

A

immature cell, undifferentiated cell, blast

159
Q

What is another name for mature cell?

A

working cell, differentiated cell, cyte

160
Q

Where are only fibroblast cells found?

A

connective tissue proper

161
Q

What do chondroblasts create?

A

chondrocytes

162
Q

Where are only chondrocytes found?

A

cartilage

163
Q

What are sarcomas?

A

cancers arising from connective tissue like bone

164
Q

What are the four main classes of connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and liquid

165
Q

What is the function of connective tissue proper?

A

functions as binding tissue, resists mechanical stress(particularly tension), provides reservoir for water and salts, can be a nutrient, or fat, storage

166
Q

What is the main cell type of connective tissue proper?

A

fibroblast

167
Q

What are the subcategories of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective, dense connective

168
Q

What are the subcategories of loose connective

A

areolar connective, adipose connective, and Reticular connective

169
Q

What is the function of areolar connective?

A

serves as universal packing material between other tissues

170
Q

What tissue type that mostly rests upon areolar connective?

A

epithelial tissue

171
Q

What type of loose connective is the most widely distributed?

A

areolar tissue

172
Q

What is the description of adipose tissue?

A

similar to areolar tissue in structure and function much

173
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

A

much higher nutrient ability to areolar tissue, provides reserve fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs

174
Q

Where is adipose tissue located?

A

under skin, around kidneys, around eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts

175
Q

What are the subcategories of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular , Dense irregular, Elastic connective

176
Q

Where is dense regular located?

A

tendons(muscle to bone), aponeurons(muscles to muscle or muscle to bone), ligaments(bones to bones at joints)

177
Q

Why does aging cartilage lose its ability to divide?

A

because the tissue is avascular

178
Q

When does new extracellular matrix stop being produced?

A

When the person stops growing at the end of adolescence

179
Q

Injured cartilage heals _______?

A

slowly

180
Q

What does cartilage do later in life?

A

calcify or ossify

181
Q

What is the main cartilage cell?

A

chondrocyte

182
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage

183
Q

What is the most abundant cartilage in the body?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

184
Q

What does hyaline cartilage do?

A

provides firm support with some pliability

185
Q

What is the location of hyaline cartilage?

A

covers the ends of long bones, tip of the nose, connects the rips, supports the respiratory system passages, fetal skeleton

186
Q

What is another name for bone?

A

osseous tissue

187
Q

What is the description of bone?

A

hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers, very well vascularized, very rigid

188
Q

What is the job of bone tissue?

A

support and protect body structures

189
Q

What is the location of bone tissue?

A

bones spongy and hard

190
Q

What is another name for liquid connective tissue?

A

blood

191
Q

What is the location of liquid connective?

A

the fluid within blood vessels

192
Q

What are the main cell types for bone?

A

osteoblasts and osteocytes

193
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

produces the organic portion of the extracellular matrix of bone

194
Q

What are the functions of osteocytes?

A

mature bone cells that reside within the matrix that has been made

195
Q

Why is blood considered a connective?

A

because it develops from mesenchyme

196
Q

What is the fluid matrix called?

A

blood plasma

197
Q

What is the function of liquid connective tissue?

A

blood transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

198
Q

What are the main cell types of liquid connective tissue?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

199
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

200
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide

201
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

202
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

phagocytosis(hypersensitivity and immune response)

203
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

platelets

204
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes?

A

close/clot blood

205
Q

Where are thrombocytes found?

A

blood vessels and champers of the heart

206
Q

What is another name for muscle cells?

A

elongated cells, muscle fibers, myocytes

207
Q

What is the function of contractile cells?

A

shorten and thicken to move organ or part of body

208
Q

What is the function of myoblasts?

A

progenitor cells

209
Q

What is the function of muscle cells?

A

movement of the body, moves blood, food waste through body’s organs, mechanical digestion

210
Q

What is the function of myocytes?

A

cell that makes up muscle tissues

211
Q

Where do myocytes come from?

A

myoblasts

212
Q

What are the subcategories of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, cardiac,smooth

213
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissues?

A

motion, posture, heat production, protection, voluntary movement

214
Q

Where are skeletal muscles usually found?

A

usually attached to bones

215
Q

Where are the nuclei of skeletal muscle cells?

A

the nuclei are on periphery

216
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

the cell membrane of the muscle cell

217
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

the cell cytoplasm

218
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

the smooth ER of a muscle cell

219
Q

What are within muscle cells?

A

myofibrils

220
Q

What is the function of myofibrils?

A

proteins that run the length of the muscle cell

221
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

myofilament proteins

222
Q

What are myofilaments responsible for?

A

muscle contractions

223
Q

What are muscle cells called when they are grouped together?

A

fascicles

224
Q

Where is cardiac tissue found?

A

in the heart

225
Q

How are cardiac tissues formed?

A

cells joined end to end at inercalated discs

226
Q

How many nuclei are usually in a cardiac cell?

A

one maybe two

227
Q

How do gap junctions assist cardiac cells?

A

provide route for quick conduction through the heart

228
Q

What is the function of desmosomes with cardiac cells?

A

strengthen the tissue and hold the fibers

229
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

move food through digestive tract, contracts blood vessels, empties bladder, involuntary movement except with biofeedback

230
Q

Were is nervous tissue found in the body?

A

found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

231
Q

What are the types of nervous cells?

A

neurons/nerve cells, neuroglial cells

232
Q

What is another name for neurons?

A

nerve cells

233
Q

What do neurons attach to?

A

muscles or glands

234
Q

What are the support cells in nervous tissue?

A

neuroglial cells

235
Q

How do neuroglial cells help neurons?

A

bind nervous tissue together, supply nutrients to neurons

236
Q

How is it a blood brain barrier?

A

not in contact with blood vessels

237
Q

What can the plasma membrane be considered?

A

it can be considered the edge of life

238
Q

What does the plasma membrane separate?

A

it is the boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings and controls all inbound and outbound traffic

239
Q

What is another name for plasma membrane?

A

cell membrane or phospholipid membrane

240
Q

Is the cell membrane the same as a cell wall?

A

no

241
Q

What are the chrateristics of the plasma membrane?

A

selectively permeable, fluid, double membrane, Phospholipids

242
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

the plasma membrane, allows some substances to cross more easily than others

243
Q

What does the ability to discriminate in the plasma membranes chemical exchanges is fundamental to?

A

life

244
Q

What are the charateristics of the selectively permeable membrane?

A

nonpolar molecules, ions and polar molecules cannot pass through the layer, water can pass through slowly, charged atoms or molecules are less likely to penetrate the bilayer

245
Q

What are nonpolar molecules?

A

hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and oxygen

246
Q

Are nonpolar molecules hydrolytic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic as well as lipids

247
Q

Why can nonpolar molecules pass through the plasma membrane easily?

A

they can dissolve in the lipid bilayer

248
Q

What does fluid mean?

A

the plasma membrane is not a concrete wall, but rather is constantly moving

249
Q

What does double membrane mean?

A

bilayer

250
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

Study Group Biology (2 decks)

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