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Psych. 341 (Abnormal Psychology) > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

A historical procedure in which a section of the skull is removed to allow spirits to flee the body

A

-Trephination

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2
Q

The study of environmental modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the gene itself

A

-Epigenetics

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3
Q

How past vulnerabilities interact w/ current environmental pressures to produce psychopathology

A

-Diathesis-Stress

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4
Q

The presence of two or more disorders co-occurring in the same person

A

-Comorbidity

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5
Q

Saying whatever comes to mind without censoring thoughts in order to know unconscious material

A

-Free Association

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6
Q

When a client reacts to the therapist as if he or she is an important figure from childhood

A

-Transference

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7
Q

Evaluating the antecedents and consequences of a behavior to help modify problematic behavior

A

-Functional Analysis

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8
Q

The ability to endure or overcome difficulties in living

A

-Resilience

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9
Q

A cluster of behavioral, emotional, and/or cognitive symptoms

A

-Syndrome

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10
Q

An experiment that involves pre-determined groups, such as gender or those with vs. without a DO

A

-Quasi-Experiment

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11
Q

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to people who were not in the study

A

-External Validity

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12
Q

The ability of a diagnostic instrument to get the same result with repeated use

A

-Reliability

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13
Q

A study where participants and experimenters do not know who is in which comparison group

A

-Double-Blind Design

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14
Q

A common finding that all therapy techniques are equally effective

A

-Dodo Bird Effect

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15
Q

A perspective that therapies are equally effective because therapists & clients try things until they work

A

-Goldilocks Effect

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16
Q

4 D’s of Abnormal Behavior

A
  • Deviant
  • Dysfunctional
  • Dangerous
  • Distress
  • Don’t need all four to be diagnosed, but having majority is seeked
  • All four exist on a spectrum
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17
Q

Deviant

A

-Occurs infrequently in person’s culture

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18
Q

Dysfunctional

A
  • Interferes with person’s ability to maintain:
    • Relationships (get with and hold friends, romantic partners, family)
      • Jobs (get a job, hold it, keep it)
    • Life (hygiene, finances, cook for yourself)
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19
Q

Dangerous

A

-Physically harmful to the person or others

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20
Q

Distress

A
  • Causes the person or others psychological pain
    • Required for all disorders
    • For most, causes the person themselves pain, not others
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21
Q

4 Ancient Humours

A
    1. Blood:
      - Ancient name: Sanguine
      - Characteristics: Courageous, hopeful, amorous
      - Ex: Picture of two people really close
    1. Yellow Bile:
      - Ancient name: Choleric
      - Characteristics: Easily angered, bad tempered
      - Ex: Picture of domestic violence
    1. Black Bile:
      - Ancient name: Melancholic
      - Characteristics: Despondent, sleepless, irritable
      - Ex: Picture of sleeping person
    1. Phlegm:
      - Ancient name: Phlegmatic
      - Characteristics: Calm, unemotional
      - Ex: Picture of person playing music
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22
Q

Views and treatments for psychopathology from the Stone Age

A
  • Where the work of evil spirits began
  • (1) Trephination - a spirit has become trapped inside of you, and you need to release it; boring hold into skull to release it (ex: roll down windows top hope wasp flies out)
  • (2) Exorcism - ritualistic set of behaviors (particular steps) that are meant to allow you to connect with spiritual world
    • Anneliese Michel (1975) (today would probably be diagnosed with encephalitis and schizophrenia)
  • Abnormal behavior as “the birth of a healer”
    • Shamanism
    • Depression, bipolar, schizophrenia, OCD
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23
Q

Views and treatments for psychopathology from Ancient Greece/Romans

A

-500 B.C. to 500 A.D.

  • Hippocrates → illness had natural causes
    • Imbalance of the four fluids, or humours
    • Must “rebalance” humours
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24
Q

Views and treatments for psychopathology from the Middle Ages

A
  • 500-1350 A.D.
  • Church rejects scientific forms of investigation
  • Abnormality is the conflict between good and evil
    • Abnormal behavior increases
    • Mass madness common, e.g,.
      • (1) Tarantism (dancing uncontrollably due to spider bite)
      • (2) Lycanthropy (people think they become an animal, like werewolves; people think they have it; animal part has overcome you)
    • Revival of demonological treatments (things like exorcism, torture, to make the body too uncomfortable for the demon to possess)
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25
Q

Views and treatments for psychopathology from the Renaissance

A
  • 1400-170 A.D.
  • Religious shrines devoted to humane and loving treatment
  • Physician Johann Weyer
    • Mine was susceptible to sickness, like the body

-Rise of asylums to care for mentally ill

  • Why do asylums fail?
    • Economic downturn in society → decline in facility funding → decline in recovery rates and increase in admittance rates → facility overcrowding → enhanced prejudice against facility patients
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26
Q

What is moral treatment? How did it differ from earlier asylum conditions? What time period was it emphasized in?

A
  • Moral Treatment: Care that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful techniques
  • Difference between asylums and moral treatment: ?
  • Emphasized in 19th century
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27
Q

What is mass madness? When was it most common?

A
  • Groups of individuals afflicted at the same time with the same disorder or abnormal behaviors
  • Includes tarantism and lycanthropy
  • Most common when high levels of fear and panic exist, believing they’re “taken over”; eating substances such as fungi on food that led to odd beliefs and visions; during last half of Middle Ages
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28
Q

What is Tarantism and Lycanthropy?

A
  • Tarantism: dancing uncontrollably due to spider bite; individuals became victims of a tarantula’s “spirit” after being bitten
  • Lycanthropy: people think they become an animal, like werewolves; people think they have it; animal part has overcome you; belief that a person has been transformed into a demonic animal, such as a werewolf
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29
Q

Two competing perspectives on psychopathology in the early 20th century?

A
  • (1) Somatogenic Perspective
    • Abnormal functioning has PHYSICAL causes
      • Untreated syphilis leads to general paresis
        • Kraepelin - 2 forms of mental illness:
          • Manic Depression (today, bipolar disorder)
          • Dementia Praecox (today, schizophrenia)
  • (2) Psychogenic Perspective
    • Abnormal functioning has PSYCHOLOGICAL causes
      • Mesmer → hypnosis
      • Freud → the talking cure, outpatient
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30
Q

Important people to know?

A
  • Hippocrates
  • Philippe Pinel
  • Dorothea Dix
  • Kraepelin
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31
Q

Hippocrates - Contributions?

A

-Said illness had NATURAL causes

  • He came up with the 4 humours
    • Said illness was imbalance of the 4 fluids, or humours
    • Must “rebalance” humours
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32
Q

Philippe Pinel - Contributions?

A
  • (France)
  • Said instead of just giving them basic needs, he said we need to interact with them as human beings, show them care, and they’ll get better; give them tasks; moral treatment
  • Worked with Tuke (England) who had friends die with mental illness; said they should open their own moral treatment place
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33
Q

Dorothea Dix - Contributions?

A
  • Boston school teacher; nurse
  • Advocated for treatment centers for mental illness, for state mental hospitals; used her connections and was influential
34
Q

Kraepelin - Contribution?

A

-Said fatigue causes mental dysfunction

  • Said there were 2 forms of mental illness
    • (1) Manic Depression (today, bipolar disorder)
    • (2) Dementia Praecox (today, schizophrenia)

-Termed “syndrome” - Said we’re gonna know a disorder not by common symptoms, but common patterns of symptoms

35
Q

According to Freud, what is fixation? How does it help explain psychopathology?

A

-The failure to “pass” developmental stage

  • Stuck in that psychosexual stage, then causes problems in life adaptation
    • Oral (0-1) - mouth: biting, sucking, eating, chewing; psychopathology = addictions
    • Anal (1-3) - holding and witholing feces; psychopathology = control, OCD
    • Phallic (3-6) - primary sex organs, oedipus/electra complex; psychopathology = deviance, sexual dysfunction
36
Q

According to Freud, what are the 3 core parts of the mind? What guides them?

A
  • Id
    • Guided by the Pleasure Principle → What you want to do (instincts)
    • Creates (ex: kid likes to build legos)
    • Destroys (ex: kid likes to destroy legos)
  • Ego
    • Guided by the Reality Principle → What you can do (reality)
    • Plans
    • Compromises (how can I get what I want and still be good)
  • Superego
    • Guided by the Morality Principle → What you shouldn’t do (morality)
    • Punishes (when doing bad things, or even thinking it)

-Unconscious nature is big part

37
Q

Defense Mechanisms?

A
  • Respression: (a.k.a. denial) push desire out of awareness (“I’m not drunk”)
  • Projection: blame another person for having desire (“You’re hungover”)
  • Displacement: redirect desire to appropriate object (boss calls me out, and I’m mad and want to yell at her but can’t. Go home and yell at husband.)
  • Reaction Formation: behave opposite of desire (“I feel awesome”’ ex: want to stab boss, but at Christmas, buy them an iPhone)
  • Ex: For all, except displacement: Have fun night, get really drunk, and are hungover the next day.
38
Q

What are the 4 steps common to many psychodynamic therapies?

A
  • (1) Use of projective techniques to learn unconscious drives
    • Free association
    • Transference
    • Dreams
  • (2) Therapist’s interpretation of the meaning of your actions/struggles
  • (3) Working through resistance
  • (4) Catharsis of internal conflict
  • Goal: Understand and accept unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms at play
39
Q

Which model informed the first DSM?

A
  • Psychodynamic Model

- 1st and second

40
Q

Which model increasingly informs the DSM now?

A

-Biological model; a medical perspective

41
Q

From the biological model, problems in what 3 aspects of the body produce psychopathology?

A
  • (1) Brain anatomy
  • (2) Brain chemistry
  • (3) Genes
42
Q

Core functions of left and right hemisphere?

A
  • Left: language, analytic thinking, details

- Right: influenced by emotion, intuition, the big picture

43
Q

Core functions cerebral cortex?

A
  • Awareness

- Attention

44
Q

Core functions frontal lobe?

A

-Planning, organization, decision making

45
Q

Core functions of forebrain?

A
  • Limbic system → Regulation
    • Hippocampus: memory
    • Amygdala: emotion
46
Q

How does the brain’s structure differ in terms of complexity and adaptability?

A
  • Brain becomes more complicated from inner to outer
    • Subcortical = less complex
    • Cortex = more complex

-Adaptability?

47
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? How do methyl and histones modify gene expression?

A
  • Genotype: Your inherited genetic composition (can live in you, but can be dormant)
  • Phenotype: How your genotype is expressed/activated
  • Methyl: ON/OFF Gene switch - Determines which genes turn on and off (Is it built or torn down?)
  • Histones: Dimension/Volume - Determines how much of the gene is expressed (How big is it built?)
48
Q

4 Types of Distorted Thinking?

A
  • (1) Ellis’s Rational Restructuring
    • Interpretation of event’s meaning causes distress – not the event itself (the belief causes the emotion, not the event that actually caused the emotion)
  • (2) Beck’s Depression Therapy
  • Challenge thoughts
    - (1) Self: I am worthless
    - (2) Future: I never will be good
    - (3) World: Everyone hates me
    - Ex: I’m bad, it’ll always be that way, and everyone knows about it
    • Assertiveness training (ex: Yeah, I’m bad, but it won’t always be that way)
  • (3) Systematic Desensitization
    • (1) Learn relaxation skills
    • (2) Construct a fear hierarchy
    • (3) Confront feared situation
  • (4) Token Economy
    • Positive reinforcement for desired change in behavior (reward them for good behavior)
49
Q

What are the 3 areas of distorted thinking for Beck?

A
  • Beck’s Depression Therapy
    • Challenge thoughts
      • (1) Self: I am worthless
      • (2) Future: I never will be good
      • (3) World: Everyone hates me
    • Assertiveness training
50
Q

Roger’s therapy is called _____? How are conditions of worth problematic? What are 3 components of a supportive climate?

A

-Client-centered therapy

  • Conditions of worth are problematic because they create anxiety and depression; health depends on unconditional positive regard
    • I’m good IF I do or am “X”… (people think they’re only good IF…; Rogers tries to get rid of this
  • 3 components of a supportive climate:
    • (1) Unconditional positive regard
    • (2) Accurate empathy
    • (3) Genuineness
  • ”The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction, not a destination.”
  • Cycle: Increased self-awareness → increased self-acceptance → increased self-expression → reduced defensiveness → increased openness
51
Q

T. Szasz’ critique of abnormality?

A

-Psychological disorders are a way society enforces cultural norms and maintains existing distribution of power

52
Q

From the sociocultural model, psychopathology is often caused by ____ and ____.

A
  • Prejudice and discrimination
    • Lack of power, choice, material resources
    • Traditional therapies often LESS effective for underrepresented groups
      • Culturally sensitive therapies
      • Consciousness raising
      • Empowerment
53
Q

What are the 2 dimensions of the family circumplex that help explain psychopathology?

A
  • (1) Enmeshed-Disengaged
    • Enmeshed = know too much
    • Disengaged = don’t know much
  • (2) Rigid-Chaotic
    • Rigid = specific rules that need to be followed
    • Chaos = no structure

-Family circumplex helps make up family system? (Abnormal family functioning leads to abnormal behavior)

54
Q

What is triangulation?

A
  • Avoid talking one-on-one
  • Team up against one another
  • Triangulation helps make up family system? (Abnormal family functioning leads to abnormal behavior)
55
Q

With respect to the models, which are deterministic? Which emphasize free will? Which have strong research report?

A
  • Deterministic Models:
    • Psychodynamic?
    • Humanistic-Existential?
  • Emphasize Free Will:
    • Humanistic-Existential Model
  • Strong Research Report:
    • Biological Model
    • CBT
56
Q

What is the median age of onset for DOs? How does the age of onset of anxiety and depression differ?

A
  • Median age onset = 14
  • Age of onset for anxiety = 11
  • Age of onset for depression (mood DOs) = 30
  • Scientists propose anxiety and mood DOs are not separate; being so anxious wears down the body and mind, and when older, person can no longer hold it under control, which turns into depression (mood DO)
  • Anxiety leads to depression
57
Q

Based on the lecture, anxiety is especially comorbid with what two DOs?

A
  • Anxiety and depression
  • Anxiety and bipolar
  • Anxiety and substance use (?)
58
Q

What is substance use comorbid with?

A

-Almost everything else

59
Q

When people have comorbid DOs, the DOs tend to be ____ in severity and more ____ to treat.

A
  • Higher rates of severity

- Lower rates of recovery; difficult to treat?

60
Q

Common risk factors?

A

-Risk factors: characteristics (personal or environmental) that precede the development of a disorder

  • Fixed: (mostly) assigned at birth
    • (1) Gender (for most disorders, women at greater risk)
    • (2) Race and Ethnicity
    • (3) Neuroticism (strongly, genetically informed)
  • Dynamic: (can change over time)
    • (4) Age (if not diagnosed with ADHD by age 40, probably don’t have it)
    • (5) Socioeconomic Status (SES) (lower economic status = higher risk)
    • (6) Quality and Quantity of Social Relationships (few people in life and low support quality = higher risk factor)
    • (7) Locus of Control (what happened to you and how you influenced it; internal: I control my destiny; external: they control my destiny; if you have an external locus of control = higher risk)
    • (8) Childhood Trauma
61
Q

What are the 3 types of ACEs? How are they related to having a DO?

A

-ACE = Adverse Childhood Experiences

  • (1) Abuse: emotional, physical, and sexual
  • (2) Neglect: emotional and physical
  • (3) Household Dysfunction: mental disorder, incarceration, divorce, and substance use (other family members in household did these things, not you)

-Environments of childhood trauma influence behavior and epigenetics

62
Q

Common protective factors?

A
  • Protective Factors: characteristics (personal or environmental) associated with lower rates of having a DO
  • (1) Social Support (counter-example: co-rumination - talk with friend about how much life sucks, and they do the same)
  • (2) Extraversion (counter-example: Narcissistic DO - people who are especially extraverted)
  • (3) Financial Wealth (counter-example: Eating DOs - grow up with money, food is seen differently)
  • (4) Intelligence (counter-example: bipolar DO - people who have manic episodes tend to be smarter; intelligence → greater sense of yourself, discern something is wrong sooner, and get help sooner)
  • (5) Hardiness → i.e., transformational coping - if someone breaks up with me, I could think negatively OR be like “Now, I get to ask out this other person I’ve liked for a while”
  • (6) U.S. Cultural Power Groups → e.g., being male and white
63
Q

Civil Commitment

A
  • No crime, but found unstable
  • A danger to oneself/others
  • Forced to receive treatment in mental institution
64
Q

Criminal Commitment

A
  • Charged with a crime and found to be unstable

- Forced to receive treatment in mental institution

65
Q

Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity

A
  • Mentally unstable at time of crime
  • M’Naghten rule: mental disorder prevented person from knowing right from wrong
  • Guilty by Mentally Ill: Acknowledgement that mental disorder was involved, but you are still responsible for actions
66
Q

Mentally Incompetent

A
  • Mentally unstable at time of trial
  • Person does not understand charges and is unable to help lawyers prepare defense
  • Forced to receive treatment in mental institution until capable of standing trial
67
Q

Therapeutic ethics of dual relationships, sexual relationships, and maintaining and breaking confidentiality?

A
  • Dual Relationships - Must avoid dual relationships
    • Cannot be therapist and friend, business partner, lover, etc.
      • (Discussion of sexual relationships discussed right below)

-Sexual Relationships - No sexual relationship until 2 years after therapy ends (if a person calls you to ask you to be their therapist, you set an appointment, and they never show up, then the two year mark starts the day they called you

  • Maintaining and Breaking Confidentiality: Must adhere to confidentiality (HIPPA)
    • Who is the client?
    • Legal obligation to inform when danger to self or others
    • Can’t tell law officers about things done in the past (ex: killed someone), but yes, if the patient talks about doing it in future (ex: they are planning to kill someone)
68
Q

The Two Types of Clinical Interviews

A
    1. Unstructured:
      - Open-ended questions
      - Tailored to the client
      - Unreliable (no way to compare clients because its tailored around client)
    1. Structured
      - Protocol instructions in the If-then format
      - Same for all clients
      • E.g. Structured clinical interview for DSM
        • 1-2 hours
        • Enhanced reliability
69
Q

3 Types of Clinical Observations

A
  • Systematic Observations of Behavior:
    • (1) Naturalistic: e.g., at home, school, job
    • (2) Controlled: e.g., in therapy room, experiment
    • (3) Self-Monitoring: e.g., mood and behavior ratings throughout day
70
Q

How do projective tests work? What are the common tests reviewed in lecture?

A
  • Ambiguous stimuli evokes unconscious
    • Developed from psychodynamic approach
    • Overall, poor reliability and validity for clinical use (can’t be reliable if two different researchers come up with different answers/conclusions)
    • Excellent when used as ice breakers to generate conversation
  • Ex: Rorschach inkblot
    • Location: What part of image (blank space, whole image, detail of image) that the interpretation comes from
    • Determinants: What aspect of the image (color, texture) that the interpretation focuses on
    • Content: The interpretation itself
  • Other Examples?:
    • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - Images we looked at and analyzed in class
    • Sentence Completion - “I wish ____________”
    • Draw a Person (DAP)
      • Placement of Figure:
        • Right = future; left = past
        • Lower left = depression; upper right = suppress past
      • Face
        • Big head = desire to be smart
        • Large eyes or ears = paranoid
        • Missing parts = identity confusion
      • Legs and Feet
        • Confidence vs. insecurity
      • Age
        • Younger = infantilism
71
Q

MMPI-2. - What two types of scales are measured? How are the results typically presented and assessed?

A
  • Personality Clinical Test
  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  • 550 self-statements: “true,” “false,” or “cannot say”
  • Two types of scales:
    • (1) Self-Report
      • Physical concerns
      • Mood
      • Attitudes toward religion, sex, and social activities
      • Psychological symptoms
    • (2) Behavior (Do you respond consistently?)
      • Careless responding
      • Lying, manipulation
  • Score range from 0 to 120 for ten scales
    • Above 70 = of concern
    • Graphed to create a “profile”
72
Q

What are the common psychophysiological tests? How do they help assess psychopathology?

A
  • Physiological response as a sign of stress/anxiety
    • Electrocardiogram → heart rate
    • Galvanic Skin Conductance → sweat gland activity
    • Electroencephalogram (EEG) → brain electrical activity
    • Polygraph (lie detector) - no longer used in court because people likely to commit crimes, pass them, and regular people who wouldn’t are so nervous that they don’t pass
73
Q

What are the 4 common neuroimaging tests?

A
  • (1) Computerized Axial Tomography (CT)
    • Uses x-rays to identify structural abnormalities; uses iodine
    • Can detect brain tumors and other abnormalities (enlarged ventricles; hollow spaces, which is related to schizophrenia)
  • (2) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    • Can produce high-resolution images of brain structure
    • Can detect tumors, blood clots, and other abnormalities
    • Uses big cylindrical magnet
  • (3) Functional MRI (fMRI)
    • Asses brain structure and function as well as metabolic changes
    • Asses how brain is working
  • (4) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
    • Invasive way to assess brain structure and functioning
    • Can identify seizure activity and even brain sites activated by psychoactive drugs
74
Q

What do you do in the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test? What kind of test is it?

A
  • To help assess people with ADHD
    • Given sheet of paper with 9 images, given blank sheet and told to draw them. You get to see their hand-eye coordination. Bad at first, but see if after treatment, it gets better
    • Tests immediate memory, spatial perception, and perceptual-motor coordination

-Neuropsychological Test

75
Q

The most common way to assess overall functioning with the DSM-5? Areas of functioning it assesses?

A

-World h=Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO-DAS 2.0)

  • Areas of functioning:
    • Cognition - understanding and communicating
    • Mobility - moving and getting around
    • Self-Care - hygiene, dressing, eating, and staying alone
    • Getting Along - interacting with other people
    • Life Activities - domestic responsibilities, leisure, work, and school
    • Participation - joining in community activities
76
Q

What are the core ways that diagnosing can cause harm?

A
  • (1) Misdiagnosis
    • Reliance on clinical judgement
    • Ex: bipolar disorder sometimes gets misdiagnosed as schizophrenia
  • (2) Labeling and Stigma
    • Diagnosis may be a self-fulfilling prophecy
77
Q

What are the 3 steps of systematic desensitization therapy? What model does it come from?

A

-Typically used to treat stress and phobia

  • Traditional ERPT
    • 10-20 sessions
      • (1) Learn relaxation skills
      • (2) Construct a fear hierarchy
      • (3) Confront feared situation

-Model: Cognitive Behavioral Model

78
Q

The ABCDE’s of Ellis’ Rational Emotive Restructuring therapy. What model does it come from?

A

-Typically used to treat mood and anxiety issues

  • Problem: ABCs:
    • A = Activating Event - Fail Exam
    • B = Distorted Belief - I’m stupid; I will fail this course
    • C = Emotional Consequence of Belief - Depression
  • Solution: DEs
    • D = Dispute Belief - You can still pass this course; You are skilled, wise in other things
    • E = Evaluate Emotional Consequences - Less depressed

-Model: Cognitive Behavioral Model

79
Q

4 Common Factors of Treatment Effectiveness? Which 2 factors are most responsible for treatment effectiveness?

A
  • (1) Extra Therapeutic Factors
    • Client factors
    • Illness course factors
    • Social/cultural factors
  • (2) Expectancy
    • Client believes in therapy/therapist
  • (3) Therapeutic Relationship
    • Client-therapist alliance
    • Empathy, positive regard (Rogers)
  • (4) Technique
    • Factors unique to approach

-2 Factors Most Responsible: Client factors (part of extra therapeutic factors) & Relationship factors (therapeutic relationship)

80
Q

3 Things Therapists Can Do to Enhance the Effectiveness of Treatment?

A
  • (1) Choose therapy that matches client’s theory of change
    • Activates expectancy (placebo) effects
  • (2) Invite and use extra-therapeutic factors
    • Social support network, culture, motivation factors
  • (3) Use active listening to build rapport and a supportive relationship
    • (1) Paraphrase with attention to emotion
    • (2) Don’t problem-solve soon
    • (3) If disagree or disapprove of client, try to be non judgemental, be accepting, and respectful

Psych. 341 (Abnormal Psychology) (3 decks)

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