Test 1

Question 1

What mutation causes progeria?

Answer 1

Mutation in Lamin A of the nucleus.

Creates splice and results in truncates protein progerin.

Question 2

Which organelle provides ATP and machinery for oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 2

Mitochondria

Question 3

Glycolipids have an important role in __________.

Answer 3

Cell recognition

Question 4

Which lipid strengthens the plasma membrane and fills in the spaces between phospholipids?

Answer 4

Cholesterol

Question 5

What are the concentrations of K, Cl, and Na inside the cell? (High or low)

Answer 5

K high inside the cell, Na and Cl low inside the cell

Question 6

Which organelle is filled with digestive enzymes (hydrolases) and breaks down macromolecules?

Answer 6

Lysosomes

Question 7

Describe Tay Sach’s disease

Answer 7

Deficiency in Hex A enzyme that normally breaks down ganglioside in the brain. Deficiency causes and accumulation and neuron cell death. Common clinical finding is the cherry red spot on retina.

Question 8

Describe hurler syndrome

Answer 8

Defect in the lysosome enzyme a-L-idurinidase that breaks down glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Accumulation of GAGs occurs and can cause skeletal abnormalities and mental deficiencies.

Question 9

Organelle that breaks down long chain fatty acids by beta oxidation

Answer 9

Peroxisome

Question 10

Describe Zellweger syndrome

Answer 10

Peroxisomal disorder causing impaired brain development, liver and kidney lesions. Accumulation of long chain fatty acids in blood.

Question 11

Major site of synthesis of new membrane in cell

Answer 11

Smooth ER

Question 12

Large area association with ribosomes, site where secretory proteins are made

Answer 12

Rough ER

Question 13

Describe I-cell disease

Answer 13

Caused by deficiency in phosphorylating enzyme normally in Golgi apparatus. Lysosomal enzymes from RER are not phosphorylated in golgi and are released into the cell instead of to lysosomes. Lysosomes cannot function without the enzymes, and un-degraded proteins accumulate.

Question 14

Difference between nucleotide and nucleoside

Answer 14

Nucleoside does not have phosphate group

Question 15

Nucleoside analog of thymidine (analog of pyramidine) that is effective in treating retro viral infections because viral reverse transcriptase uses _____ over thymidine

Answer 15

AZT

Question 16

Nucleoside analog of guanosine (purine) that is effective in retro coral infection.

Answer 16

Acyclovir

Question 17

AZT and Acyclovir result in _______

Answer 17

Chain termination

Question 18

What is Histone acetylation?

Answer 18

An acetyl group added to lysine residues on the amino terminal tail of histone. Weakens bond between histones and DNA. Results in higher level of gene expression.

Question 19

Chromatin that is condensed and found at center and ends of chromosomes

Answer 19

Heterochomatin

Question 20

Explain establishment of replication origin

Answer 20

ORC complex binds to origin, MCM complex binds to ORC complex, helicase binds to ORC/MCM complex and begins separating strands, single strand binding proteins hold strands apart.

Question 21

List enzymes involved in replication complex

Answer 21

Helicase
Topoisomerase
Primase
DNA polymerase alpha, delta, and epsilon

Question 22

Enzyme that unwinds DNA strands

Answer 22

Helicase

Question 23

Enzyme that relieves stress during unwinding of DNA

Answer 23

Topoisomerase

Question 24

Enzyme that synthesis short RNA primer with 3’ OH group for replication?

Answer 24

Primase

Question 25

Which polymerase forms complex with primase to start the primer

Answer 25

Polymerase alpha

Question 26

Which polymerase is involved in lagging strand replication?

Answer 26

Polymerase delta

Question 27

Which polymerase is involved in leading strand replication?

Answer 27

Polymerase epsilon

Question 28

DNA polymerases can only add to the _____ end

Answer 28

3’