Test 1 Flashcards
annual
plant completes sequence, seed germination to death, with seed set in one season.
biennial
plant has 1st season vegetative, transitional rosette, 2nd season reproductive w/ death and seed set.
herbaceous perennial
shoots grow and dieback to ground every season, roots and shoots survive underground, several season to flower and seed.
woody perennial
similar to herbaceous, but stems and shoots, with apical buds remain above ground. Seasons are active and dormant, in tropics dry and wet. Several season to flower and set seed.
clonal life cycle
starts from propagule, more mature than seedling and may never proceed to seed set.
Seedling Life Cycle- Phase 1
embryonic; requires nutrients from mother
Seedling Life Cycle Phase 2
juvenile; bipolar development of shoots and roots.
Seedling Life Cycle Phase 3
transitional; growth slows and flowers appear.
Seedling Life Cycle Phase 4
mature; flowers and seed appears, particularly at periphery.
species
natural grouping of plants that have common characteristic in appearance, freely interbreed with each other, and the progeny is fertile.
cultivar
group of plants that have originated in cultivation, are unique in appearance, and are maintained during propagation.
Mitosis
somatic cell division, growth occurs in the meristems, cells differentiate to form tissues and organs
cytokinesis
cells divide
karyokinesis
chromosomes divide
meiosis
REDUCTIONAL DIVISION½ CHROMOSOME NUMBER-
cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
genotype
The total combination of genes in an individual (nucleus, mitochondrion, and chloroplast).
phenotype
appearance of a plant in an environment
heterozygous
having two different alleles of a particular gene(s)
homozygous
having two identical alleles of a particuar gene(s)
seedling populations
segregate because heterozygous gene pairs randomly assort
cloning
(vegetative propagation) instantly fixes the plant (all progeny come from mitosis)
Cell and tissue culture
growing pieces of plants, aseptically, in complete organic medium
DNA based markers
fragments of DNA used to characterize genomes,
Recombinant DNA
moving genetic fragments from one species to another. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) have functioning genes introduced
genes
funcional units on chromosome that code for proteins
DNA
molecule that specifies gene function
transcription
copying messengerRNA from DNA
translation
copying mRNA to a protein using transferRNA to position amino acids
genome
all DNA in the nucleous
hormone
change the pattern of growth and development by regulating gene action
Plant Growth Regulator (PGR)
synthetic chemical analogs; very often more potent than natural chemical and often used in propagation
Auxins
growth promoter, inhibited by light, promotes adventitous roots
cytokinins
growth promoter, initiates cell division, slows aging, used to break appical dominance, high cytok/auxin ratio promotes shoots
gibberellins
growth promoter, elongation and division, stem elongation and fruit enlargement
abscisic acid
growth retardant, present in all plant organs, closes stomata in response to water stress, induces dormancy in seed, helps in developing embryos in tissue culture
ethylene
wound responce, causes epinastic growth and abscission
propagule
most general term to describe cuttings, seeds, grafts, layers and tissue culture plants.
plugs
small transplants from seed
layers
plats from layering
liners
asexual transplant from cuttings or tissue culture
plantlets
from tissue culture
hardening off
slowly reducing mist and increasing light and wind
acclimation
adjusting for the climate
landrace
varieties selected before science (or writing) adapted and productive in local area
open pollinated varieties
modern inbreds designed to perform well in many production environments
heirlooms
mostly self-pollinated inbreds, selected in gardens, associated with a small group of people; similar to landrace
fixed
inbreeding lines until they are homozygous
hyrbids
cross two different inbreds resulting in many heterozygous loci
inbreeding
eleminates heterozygotes over time
outcrossing
male and female largely unrelated, heterosis (hybrid vigorz0
isolation
controlling pollen source and collecting seed from true to type females
roguing
discarding off types in seed production field
running out
when an heirloom no longer meets expectations
varieties
distinct phenotype within a species
ecotypes
fits a special niche
clines
continual variation over geographic region
provenance
when tree seeds come from a region
agriculture
propagating and growing for human use
domestication
selecting specific wild plants for human use
plant propagation
multiplying plants while preserving useful traits
