Test 1

Question 1

annual

Answer 1

plant completes sequence, seed germination to death, with seed set in one season.

Question 2

biennial

Answer 2

plant has 1st season vegetative, transitional rosette, 2nd season reproductive w/ death and seed set.

Question 3

herbaceous perennial

Answer 3

shoots grow and dieback to ground every season, roots and shoots survive underground, several season to flower and seed.

Question 4

woody perennial

Answer 4

similar to herbaceous, but stems and shoots, with apical buds remain above ground. Seasons are active and dormant, in tropics dry and wet. Several season to flower and set seed.

Question 5

clonal life cycle

Answer 5

starts from propagule, more mature than seedling and may never proceed to seed set.

Question 6

Seedling Life Cycle- Phase 1

Answer 6

embryonic; requires nutrients from mother

Question 7

Seedling Life Cycle Phase 2

Answer 7

juvenile; bipolar development of shoots and roots.

Question 8

Seedling Life Cycle Phase 3

Answer 8

transitional; growth slows and flowers appear.

Question 9

Seedling Life Cycle Phase 4

Answer 9

mature; flowers and seed appears, particularly at periphery.

Question 10

species

Answer 10

natural grouping of plants that have common characteristic in appearance, freely interbreed with each other, and the progeny is fertile.

Question 11

cultivar

Answer 11

group of plants that have originated in cultivation, are unique in appearance, and are maintained during propagation.

Question 12

Mitosis

Answer 12

somatic cell division, growth occurs in the meristems, cells differentiate to form tissues and organs

Question 13

cytokinesis

Answer 13

cells divide

Question 14

karyokinesis

Answer 14

chromosomes divide

Question 15

meiosis

Answer 15

REDUCTIONAL DIVISION½ CHROMOSOME NUMBER-

cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

Question 16

genotype

Answer 16

The total combination of genes in an individual (nucleus, mitochondrion, and chloroplast).

Question 17

phenotype

Answer 17

appearance of a plant in an environment

Question 18

heterozygous

Answer 18

having two different alleles of a particular gene(s)

Question 19

homozygous

Answer 19

having two identical alleles of a particuar gene(s)

Question 20

seedling populations

Answer 20

segregate because heterozygous gene pairs randomly assort

Question 21

cloning

Answer 21

(vegetative propagation) instantly fixes the plant (all progeny come from mitosis)

Question 22

Cell and tissue culture

Answer 22

growing pieces of plants, aseptically, in complete organic medium

Question 23

DNA based markers

Answer 23

fragments of DNA used to characterize genomes,

Question 24

Recombinant DNA

Answer 24

moving genetic fragments from one species to another. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) have functioning genes introduced

Question 25

genes

Answer 25

funcional units on chromosome that code for proteins

Question 26

DNA

Answer 26

molecule that specifies gene function

Question 27

transcription

Answer 27

copying messengerRNA from DNA

Question 28

translation

Answer 28

copying mRNA to a protein using transferRNA to position amino acids

Question 29

genome

Answer 29

all DNA in the nucleous

Question 30

hormone

Answer 30

change the pattern of growth and development by regulating gene action

Question 31

Plant Growth Regulator (PGR)

Answer 31

synthetic chemical analogs; very often more potent than natural chemical and often used in propagation

Question 32

Auxins

Answer 32

growth promoter, inhibited by light, promotes adventitous roots

Question 33

cytokinins

Answer 33

growth promoter, initiates cell division, slows aging, used to break appical dominance, high cytok/auxin ratio promotes shoots

Question 34

gibberellins

Answer 34

growth promoter, elongation and division, stem elongation and fruit enlargement

Question 35

abscisic acid

Answer 35

growth retardant, present in all plant organs, closes stomata in response to water stress, induces dormancy in seed, helps in developing embryos in tissue culture

Question 36

ethylene

Answer 36

wound responce, causes epinastic growth and abscission

Question 37

propagule

Answer 37

most general term to describe cuttings, seeds, grafts, layers and tissue culture plants.

Question 38

plugs

Answer 38

small transplants from seed

Question 39

layers

Answer 39

plats from layering

Question 40

liners

Answer 40

asexual transplant from cuttings or tissue culture

Question 41

plantlets

Answer 41

from tissue culture

Question 42

hardening off

Answer 42

slowly reducing mist and increasing light and wind

Question 43

acclimation

Answer 43

adjusting for the climate

Question 44

landrace

Answer 44

varieties selected before science (or writing) adapted and productive in local area

Question 45

open pollinated varieties

Answer 45

modern inbreds designed to perform well in many production environments

Question 46

heirlooms

Answer 46

mostly self-pollinated inbreds, selected in gardens, associated with a small group of people; similar to landrace

Question 47

fixed

Answer 47

inbreeding lines until they are homozygous

Question 48

hyrbids

Answer 48

cross two different inbreds resulting in many heterozygous loci

Question 49

inbreeding

Answer 49

eleminates heterozygotes over time

Question 50

outcrossing

Answer 50

male and female largely unrelated, heterosis (hybrid vigorz0

Question 51

isolation

Answer 51

controlling pollen source and collecting seed from true to type females

Question 52

roguing

Answer 52

discarding off types in seed production field

Question 53

running out

Answer 53

when an heirloom no longer meets expectations

Question 54

varieties

Answer 54

distinct phenotype within a species

Question 55

ecotypes

Answer 55

fits a special niche

Question 56

clines

Answer 56

continual variation over geographic region

Question 57

provenance

Answer 57

when tree seeds come from a region

Question 58

agriculture

Answer 58

propagating and growing for human use

Question 59

domestication

Answer 59

selecting specific wild plants for human use

Question 60

plant propagation

Answer 60

multiplying plants while preserving useful traits