Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro Test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

Used microscope to see microorganisms.

• first saw bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Needham

A

In favor of spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Spallanzani

A

Reported results that contradicted needham findings which were in favor of spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pasteur

A

Used swan necked flasks that remained free of microbes disproved the theory definitively.
4 things to know him by:
Swan necked flasks, flasks opened, proved the spontaneous generation was false, fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Koch

A

Etiology, the study of the causation of disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Buchner

A

Demonstrated the presence of enzymes, cell produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as fermentation.
Biochemistry- study of metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gram

A

Developed staining techniques involving application of a series of dyes that leave some microbes purple and some pink.
Gram stain: gram positive and gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Semmelweis

A

Hand washing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nightingale

A

Founder of modern nursing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lister

A

Use of chemicals on surgical
Chemicals to kill Bacteria
Chemotherapy- treating chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Snow

A

Cholera epidimic

Epidemiology- study of occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Jenner

A

First vaccine
Immunology- body’s specific defenses against pathogens
Smallpox, virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Kochs postulates

A
  1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy host.
  2. The agent much be isolated and grown outside the host
  3. When the agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
  4. The same agent must be reisolated from the disease experimental host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fermentation, who did experiments to prove it?

A

Chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms.
The process of fermentation involved in the making of beer, wine, and liquor, in which sugars are converted to ethyl alcohol

•Pasteur proved it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Enzymes, what do they do?

A
  • protein catalysts in cells
  • biological molecules(typically protein) that significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In favor of spontaneous generation

A

Aristotle
Needham

Against: Redi, spallanzani, Pasteur

Spontaneous generation- living things originate from non living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Living things originate from non living things.

Proposed by Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Redi

A

Against spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pasteur experiments

A

4 questions

  1. Is spontaneous generation possible?
  2. Fermentation?
  3. Disease causing?
  4. Preventing infection/disease?

•swan neck flasks, flasks opened, proved the spontaneous generation was false, fermentation: by microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Facultative anarobes

A

Microorganisms which can live with or without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Microbial genetics

A

The study of inheritance in microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Molecular biology

A

Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level. Genome sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Recombinant DNA technology- genetic engineering

A

Involved the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical applications, such as the development of pest resistant crops and the treatment of disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gene therapy

A

The use of recombinant DNA ( DNA composed of genes from more than one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Immunology

A

Study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The main questions scientist were trying to answer during the Golden age of microbiology

A
  1. Is spontaneous generation is microbial life possible?
  2. What causes fermentation?
  3. What causes disease?
  4. How can we prevent infection and disease?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Are organisms whole cells contain a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular microbes that lack a true nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No nucleus
Unicellular
Asexual

Bacteria: most are non pathogenic
Cell wall: made of peptidoglycan

Archeae: all of them are non pathogenic
Cell wall: not peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Eukaryote

A

Have a nucleus
Uni/multicellular
Asexual/sexual

Fungi: cell walls: chitin
Two types: yeast:unicellular
Molds: multicellular
Protozoa:unicellular
First animals/ no cell wall
Motile-pseudopodia
•algae: photosynthetic
Diatoms: unicellular/ produce most D2 on earth
•kelps: multicellular/ gelatinous fell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Viruses

A

Acellular
Cellular parasites
Not visible with light microscope
DNA or RNA: genetic material, enclosed by a capsid: protein coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Three particles or atom and their charges?

A
  • electrons: negatively charged
  • protons:positively charged
  • neutrons: uncharged/neutral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is responsible for interactions in chemical reactions?

A

valence Electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ionic bonds

A

When two atoms with vastly different electronegativities approach each other, the atom with the high electronegativity will strip one or more electrons from the valence shell of the other.

• opposite charges of cations and anions attract each other strongly to form an ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Polar-covalent

A

Bonds with an unequal sharing of electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Non polar covalent

A

Neither nucleus acts as a pole to exert an unequal pull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Covalent bond

A

The sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms

  • polar-unequal
  • nonpolar- equal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Do not involved the sharing of electrons(like ionic bonds).

A transiently charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a full or transient negative charge on either a different region of the same molecule or another molecule.

42
Q

Acid

A

Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ion and one or more anions(negative charge)

-acidic: high concentration-ph scale- 0-7 and neutral is 7

43
Q

Base

A

A molecule that binds with H+ when dissolved in water. Many based dissociate into hydroxyl ions and cations

-basic- low concentration- ph scale- 7-14

44
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A
  • big molecules made by smaller molecules
  • H2O is released
  • Bonds are made
  • Energy is needed
  • two smaller molecules are joined together by a covalent bond, and a water molecule is removed from the reactants
45
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • smaller molecules from big molecules
  • H2O is needed
  • bonds are broken
  • energy is released

-covalent bond in a large molecule is broken, and the ionic components of water are added to the products

46
Q

Saturated fats

A

Contain more hydrogen in their structural formulas

47
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Contain double bonds between some of their carbon atoms

48
Q

Lipids

A

Organic macromolecules composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds.

  • fats
  • phospholipids
  • waxes and steroids
49
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic molecules composed solely of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Used for long term storage of energy and components of DNA and RNA.

  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
50
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose. They usually take cyclic forms

51
Q

Disaccharides

A

Formed when two monosaccharides are linked together via dehydration synthesis. Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples

52
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers composed of tens, hundreds, or thousands of monosaccharides that have been covalently linked in dehydration synthesis reactions. Cellulose and glycogen are examples

53
Q

Proteins

A

The most complex organic macromolecules. Composed of mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Monomers of proteins is amino acids.

54
Q

Nucleic acids

A 
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 
-these differ primarily in the structure of their monomers, which are called nucleotides(sugars, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases)
55
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Living things originate from non living things.

Proposed by Aristotle

56
Q

Redi

A

Against spontaneous generation

57
Q

Pasteur experiments

A

4 questions

  1. Is spontaneous generation possible?
  2. Fermentation?
  3. Disease causing?
  4. Preventing infection/disease?

•swan neck flasks, flasks opened, proved the spontaneous generation was false, fermentation: by microbes

58
Q

Facultative anarobes

A

Microorganisms which can live with or without oxygen

59
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of metabolism.

60
Q

Microbial genetics

A

The study of inheritance in microorganisms.

61
Q

Molecular biology

A

Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level. Genome sequencing

62
Q

Recombinant DNA technology- genetic engineering

A

Involved the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical applications, such as the development of pest resistant crops and the treatment of disease.

63
Q

Gene therapy

A

The use of recombinant DNA ( DNA composed of genes from more than one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.

64
Q

Immunology

A

Study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens

65
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans

66
Q

The main questions scientist were trying to answer during the Golden age of microbiology

A
  1. Is spontaneous generation is microbial life possible?
  2. What causes fermentation?
  3. What causes disease?
  4. How can we prevent infection and disease?
67
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Are organisms whole cells contain a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane

68
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular microbes that lack a true nucleus

69
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No nucleus
Unicellular
Asexual

Bacteria: most are non pathogenic
Cell wall: made of peptidoglycan

Archeae: all of them are non pathogenic
Cell wall: not peptidoglycan

70
Q

Eukaryote

A

Have a nucleus
Uni/multicellular
Asexual/sexual

Fungi: cell walls: chitin
Two types: yeast:unicellular
Molds: multicellular
Protozoa:unicellular
First animals/ no cell wall
Motile-pseudopodia
•algae: photosynthetic
Diatoms: unicellular/ produce most D2 on earth
•kelps: multicellular/ gelatinous fell walls

71
Q

Viruses

A

Acellular
Cellular parasites
Not visible with light microscope
DNA or RNA: genetic material, enclosed by a capsid: protein coat

72
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing

73
Q

Three particles or atom and their charges?

A
  • electrons: negatively charged
  • protons:positively charged
  • neutrons: uncharged/neutral
74
Q

What is responsible for interactions in chemical reactions?

A

Electron

Electrons of an atom come close enough to interact with another atom, they determine an atoms chemical behavior

75
Q

Ionic bonds

A

When two atoms with vastly different electronegativities approach each other, the atom with the high electronegativity will strip one or more electrons from the valence shell of the other.

• opposite charges of cations and anions attract each other strongly to form an ionic bond

76
Q

Polar-covalent

A

Bonds with an unequal sharing of electrons.

77
Q

Non polar covalent

A

Neither nucleus acts as a pole to exert an unequal pull

78
Q

Covalent bond

A

The sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms

  • polar-unequal
  • nonpolar- equal
79
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Do not involved the sharing of electrons(like ionic bonds).

A transiently charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a full or transient negative charge on either a different region of the same molecule or another molecule.

80
Q

Acid

A

Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ion and one or more anions(negative charge)

-acidic: high concentration-ph scale- 0-7 and neutral is 7

81
Q

Base

A

A molecule that binds with H+ when dissolved in water. Many based dissociate into hydroxyl ions and cations

-basic- low concentration- ph scale- 7-14

82
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A
  • big molecules made by smaller molecules
  • H2O is released
  • Bonds are made
  • Energy is needed
  • two smaller molecules are joined together by a covalent bond, and a water molecule is removed from the reactants
83
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • smaller molecules from big molecules
  • H2O is needed
  • bonds are broken
  • energy is released

-covalent bond in a large molecule is broken, and the ionic components of water are added to the products

84
Q

Saturated fats

A

Contain more hydrogen in their structural formulas

85
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Contain double bonds between some of their carbon atoms

86
Q

Lipids

A

Organic macromolecules composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds.

  • fats
  • phospholipids
  • waxes and steroids
87
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic molecules composed solely of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Used for long term storage of energy and components of DNA and RNA.

  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
88
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose. They usually take cyclic forms

89
Q

Disaccharides

A

Formed when two monosaccharides are linked together via dehydration synthesis. Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples

90
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers composed of tens, hundreds, or thousands of monosaccharides that have been covalently linked in dehydration synthesis reactions. Cellulose and glycogen are examples

91
Q

Proteins

A

The most complex organic macromolecules. Composed of mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Monomers of proteins is amino acids.

92
Q

Nucleic acids

A 
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 
-these differ primarily in the structure of their monomers, which are called nucleotides(sugars, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases)
93
Q

Characteristics of life:

A

Growth:increase in size
Reproduction: an increase in number
Responsiveness:ability to react to environmental stimuli
Metabolism:controlled chemical reactions

94
Q

Cell membranes

A

Phospholipids
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins

95
Q

Cell wall made out of

A

Bacteria: peptidoglycan
Archeae: not peptidoglycan
Fungi: chitin

96
Q

Gram negative bacterial cell walls

A
  • thin peptidoglycan layer
  • have other membrane made out of LPS(lipopolysaccharide)
  • looks pink under microscope
97
Q

Gram positive bacterial cell wall

A
  • thick peptidoglycan
  • teichoic acids
  • looks purple under microscope
98
Q

Passive transport

A

•no atp needed
1. Diffusion: small molecules (02,c02)
Move from an area of high concentration to love concentration
2.facilitated diffusion: largess or more polar molecule(glucose) high to low concentration

99
Q

Active transport

A

•ATP required
1. Ion pumps: for movement of ions/against concentration gradients
2. Bulk transport: vehicle mediated (really large things)
• endocytosis-import
•exocytosis-export
•receptor mediated
3. Group translocations: swapping polar groups with non polar ones (temporary)

100
Q

Osmosis transport

A
  • same as facilitated diffusion but strictly for water. High to low concentration.
  • hypertonic has a high concentration of solutes then hypotonic. Higher concentration of solute means lower concentration of water, that is hypertonic solution has a lower concentration of water then does hypotonic.
  • isotonic: in and out
  • high h20, low hypertonic solution, cell shrinks
  • low h20, high hypertonic solution, cell swells
101
Q

Bacterial organelles/external structures and function

A

Cytoplasm is the elastic material inside a cell
It is composed of cytosol, inclusions, ribosomes, and in many cells a cytoskeleton. Some bacterial cells produce endospores.
Endospores: clostridium/bacillus

102
Q

Eukaryotic organelles and external structures

A

Gycocalyces- slimelayer/ capsule- evade phagocytes

Flagella 
Cilia
Rough and smooth ER 
Golgi body 
Lysosomes 
Mitochondria-site of ATP synthesis

Micro Test 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions