Test 1 Flashcards
Leeuwenhoek
Used microscope to see microorganisms.
• first saw bacteria
Needham
In favor of spontaneous generation
Spallanzani
Reported results that contradicted needham findings which were in favor of spontaneous generation
Pasteur
Used swan necked flasks that remained free of microbes disproved the theory definitively.
4 things to know him by:
Swan necked flasks, flasks opened, proved the spontaneous generation was false, fermentation
Koch
Etiology, the study of the causation of disease.
Buchner
Demonstrated the presence of enzymes, cell produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as fermentation.
Biochemistry- study of metabolism
Gram
Developed staining techniques involving application of a series of dyes that leave some microbes purple and some pink.
Gram stain: gram positive and gram negative
Semmelweis
Hand washing
Nightingale
Founder of modern nursing
Lister
Use of chemicals on surgical
Chemicals to kill Bacteria
Chemotherapy- treating chemicals
Snow
Cholera epidimic
Epidemiology- study of occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans
Jenner
First vaccine
Immunology- body’s specific defenses against pathogens
Smallpox, virus
Kochs postulates
- The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy host.
- The agent much be isolated and grown outside the host
- When the agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
- The same agent must be reisolated from the disease experimental host
Fermentation, who did experiments to prove it?
Chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms.
The process of fermentation involved in the making of beer, wine, and liquor, in which sugars are converted to ethyl alcohol
•Pasteur proved it
Enzymes, what do they do?
- protein catalysts in cells
- biological molecules(typically protein) that significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions
In favor of spontaneous generation
Aristotle
Needham
Against: Redi, spallanzani, Pasteur
Spontaneous generation- living things originate from non living
Spontaneous generation
Living things originate from non living things.
Proposed by Aristotle
Redi
Against spontaneous generation
Pasteur experiments
4 questions
- Is spontaneous generation possible?
- Fermentation?
- Disease causing?
- Preventing infection/disease?
•swan neck flasks, flasks opened, proved the spontaneous generation was false, fermentation: by microbes
Facultative anarobes
Microorganisms which can live with or without oxygen
Biochemistry
The study of metabolism.
Microbial genetics
The study of inheritance in microorganisms.
Molecular biology
Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level. Genome sequencing
Recombinant DNA technology- genetic engineering
Involved the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical applications, such as the development of pest resistant crops and the treatment of disease.
Gene therapy
The use of recombinant DNA ( DNA composed of genes from more than one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.
Immunology
Study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens
Epidemiology
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans
The main questions scientist were trying to answer during the Golden age of microbiology
- Is spontaneous generation is microbial life possible?
- What causes fermentation?
- What causes disease?
- How can we prevent infection and disease?
Eukaryotes
Are organisms whole cells contain a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane
Prokaryotes
Unicellular microbes that lack a true nucleus
Prokaryotes
No nucleus
Unicellular
Asexual
Bacteria: most are non pathogenic
Cell wall: made of peptidoglycan
Archeae: all of them are non pathogenic
Cell wall: not peptidoglycan
Eukaryote
Have a nucleus
Uni/multicellular
Asexual/sexual
Fungi: cell walls: chitin
Two types: yeast:unicellular
Molds: multicellular
Protozoa:unicellular
First animals/ no cell wall
Motile-pseudopodia
•algae: photosynthetic
Diatoms: unicellular/ produce most D2 on earth
•kelps: multicellular/ gelatinous fell walls
Viruses
Acellular
Cellular parasites
Not visible with light microscope
DNA or RNA: genetic material, enclosed by a capsid: protein coat
Pathogen
Disease causing
Three particles or atom and their charges?
- electrons: negatively charged
- protons:positively charged
- neutrons: uncharged/neutral
What is responsible for interactions in chemical reactions?
valence Electron
Ionic bonds
When two atoms with vastly different electronegativities approach each other, the atom with the high electronegativity will strip one or more electrons from the valence shell of the other.
• opposite charges of cations and anions attract each other strongly to form an ionic bond
Polar-covalent
Bonds with an unequal sharing of electrons.
Non polar covalent
Neither nucleus acts as a pole to exert an unequal pull
Covalent bond
The sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms
- polar-unequal
- nonpolar- equal
Hydrogen bonds
Do not involved the sharing of electrons(like ionic bonds).
A transiently charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a full or transient negative charge on either a different region of the same molecule or another molecule.
Acid
Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ion and one or more anions(negative charge)
-acidic: high concentration-ph scale- 0-7 and neutral is 7
Base
A molecule that binds with H+ when dissolved in water. Many based dissociate into hydroxyl ions and cations
-basic- low concentration- ph scale- 7-14
Dehydration synthesis
- big molecules made by smaller molecules
- H2O is released
- Bonds are made
- Energy is needed
- two smaller molecules are joined together by a covalent bond, and a water molecule is removed from the reactants
Hydrolysis
- smaller molecules from big molecules
- H2O is needed
- bonds are broken
- energy is released
-covalent bond in a large molecule is broken, and the ionic components of water are added to the products
Saturated fats
Contain more hydrogen in their structural formulas
Unsaturated fats
Contain double bonds between some of their carbon atoms
Lipids
Organic macromolecules composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds.
- fats
- phospholipids
- waxes and steroids
Carbohydrates
Organic molecules composed solely of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Used for long term storage of energy and components of DNA and RNA.
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose. They usually take cyclic forms
Disaccharides
Formed when two monosaccharides are linked together via dehydration synthesis. Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples
Polysaccharides
Polymers composed of tens, hundreds, or thousands of monosaccharides that have been covalently linked in dehydration synthesis reactions. Cellulose and glycogen are examples
Proteins
The most complex organic macromolecules. Composed of mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Monomers of proteins is amino acids.
Nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) -these differ primarily in the structure of their monomers, which are called nucleotides(sugars, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases)
Spontaneous generation
Living things originate from non living things.
Proposed by Aristotle
Redi
Against spontaneous generation
Pasteur experiments
4 questions
- Is spontaneous generation possible?
- Fermentation?
- Disease causing?
- Preventing infection/disease?
•swan neck flasks, flasks opened, proved the spontaneous generation was false, fermentation: by microbes
Facultative anarobes
Microorganisms which can live with or without oxygen
Biochemistry
The study of metabolism.
Microbial genetics
The study of inheritance in microorganisms.
Molecular biology
Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level. Genome sequencing
Recombinant DNA technology- genetic engineering
Involved the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical applications, such as the development of pest resistant crops and the treatment of disease.
Gene therapy
The use of recombinant DNA ( DNA composed of genes from more than one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.
Immunology
Study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens
Epidemiology
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans
The main questions scientist were trying to answer during the Golden age of microbiology
- Is spontaneous generation is microbial life possible?
- What causes fermentation?
- What causes disease?
- How can we prevent infection and disease?
Eukaryotes
Are organisms whole cells contain a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane
Prokaryotes
Unicellular microbes that lack a true nucleus
Prokaryotes
No nucleus
Unicellular
Asexual
Bacteria: most are non pathogenic
Cell wall: made of peptidoglycan
Archeae: all of them are non pathogenic
Cell wall: not peptidoglycan
Eukaryote
Have a nucleus
Uni/multicellular
Asexual/sexual
Fungi: cell walls: chitin
Two types: yeast:unicellular
Molds: multicellular
Protozoa:unicellular
First animals/ no cell wall
Motile-pseudopodia
•algae: photosynthetic
Diatoms: unicellular/ produce most D2 on earth
•kelps: multicellular/ gelatinous fell walls
Viruses
Acellular
Cellular parasites
Not visible with light microscope
DNA or RNA: genetic material, enclosed by a capsid: protein coat
Pathogen
Disease causing
Three particles or atom and their charges?
- electrons: negatively charged
- protons:positively charged
- neutrons: uncharged/neutral
What is responsible for interactions in chemical reactions?
Electron
Electrons of an atom come close enough to interact with another atom, they determine an atoms chemical behavior
Ionic bonds
When two atoms with vastly different electronegativities approach each other, the atom with the high electronegativity will strip one or more electrons from the valence shell of the other.
• opposite charges of cations and anions attract each other strongly to form an ionic bond
Polar-covalent
Bonds with an unequal sharing of electrons.
Non polar covalent
Neither nucleus acts as a pole to exert an unequal pull
Covalent bond
The sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms
- polar-unequal
- nonpolar- equal
Hydrogen bonds
Do not involved the sharing of electrons(like ionic bonds).
A transiently charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a full or transient negative charge on either a different region of the same molecule or another molecule.
Acid
Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ion and one or more anions(negative charge)
-acidic: high concentration-ph scale- 0-7 and neutral is 7
Base
A molecule that binds with H+ when dissolved in water. Many based dissociate into hydroxyl ions and cations
-basic- low concentration- ph scale- 7-14
Dehydration synthesis
- big molecules made by smaller molecules
- H2O is released
- Bonds are made
- Energy is needed
- two smaller molecules are joined together by a covalent bond, and a water molecule is removed from the reactants
Hydrolysis
- smaller molecules from big molecules
- H2O is needed
- bonds are broken
- energy is released
-covalent bond in a large molecule is broken, and the ionic components of water are added to the products
Saturated fats
Contain more hydrogen in their structural formulas
Unsaturated fats
Contain double bonds between some of their carbon atoms
Lipids
Organic macromolecules composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds.
- fats
- phospholipids
- waxes and steroids
Carbohydrates
Organic molecules composed solely of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Used for long term storage of energy and components of DNA and RNA.
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose. They usually take cyclic forms
Disaccharides
Formed when two monosaccharides are linked together via dehydration synthesis. Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples
Polysaccharides
Polymers composed of tens, hundreds, or thousands of monosaccharides that have been covalently linked in dehydration synthesis reactions. Cellulose and glycogen are examples
Proteins
The most complex organic macromolecules. Composed of mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Monomers of proteins is amino acids.
Nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) -these differ primarily in the structure of their monomers, which are called nucleotides(sugars, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases)
Characteristics of life:
Growth:increase in size
Reproduction: an increase in number
Responsiveness:ability to react to environmental stimuli
Metabolism:controlled chemical reactions
Cell membranes
Phospholipids
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
Cell wall made out of
Bacteria: peptidoglycan
Archeae: not peptidoglycan
Fungi: chitin
Gram negative bacterial cell walls
- thin peptidoglycan layer
- have other membrane made out of LPS(lipopolysaccharide)
- looks pink under microscope
Gram positive bacterial cell wall
- thick peptidoglycan
- teichoic acids
- looks purple under microscope
Passive transport
•no atp needed
1. Diffusion: small molecules (02,c02)
Move from an area of high concentration to love concentration
2.facilitated diffusion: largess or more polar molecule(glucose) high to low concentration
Active transport
•ATP required
1. Ion pumps: for movement of ions/against concentration gradients
2. Bulk transport: vehicle mediated (really large things)
• endocytosis-import
•exocytosis-export
•receptor mediated
3. Group translocations: swapping polar groups with non polar ones (temporary)
Osmosis transport
- same as facilitated diffusion but strictly for water. High to low concentration.
- hypertonic has a high concentration of solutes then hypotonic. Higher concentration of solute means lower concentration of water, that is hypertonic solution has a lower concentration of water then does hypotonic.
- isotonic: in and out
- high h20, low hypertonic solution, cell shrinks
- low h20, high hypertonic solution, cell swells
Bacterial organelles/external structures and function
Cytoplasm is the elastic material inside a cell
It is composed of cytosol, inclusions, ribosomes, and in many cells a cytoskeleton. Some bacterial cells produce endospores.
Endospores: clostridium/bacillus
Eukaryotic organelles and external structures
Gycocalyces- slimelayer/ capsule- evade phagocytes
Flagella Cilia Rough and smooth ER Golgi body Lysosomes Mitochondria-site of ATP synthesis
