Test #1

Question 1

____ ___ : it is a psychological disorder: or problematic within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typically or culturally expected.

Answer 1

abnormal behavior

Question 2

_____ ____ refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning. For example, if you are out on a date, it should be fun. But if you experience severe fear all evening and just want to go home, even though there is nothing to be afraid of.

Answer 2

psychological dysfunction

Question 3

Many mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work and therefore are called ____ ____

Answer 3

scientist-practitioners

Question 4

_____ ____ represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a scientific disorder.

Answer 4

clinical description

Question 5

______: is how many people as a whole have a disorder

Answer 5

prevalence

Question 6

statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year, represent the _____ of the disorder.

Answer 6

incidence

Question 7

the anticipated course of a disorder is called the _______.

Answer 7

prognosis

Question 8

the study of behavior over time _______ ____

Answer 8

developmental psychology

Question 9

the study of changes in abnormal behavior as ______ ______

Answer 9

developmental psychopathology

Question 10

______, or the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

Answer 10

Etiology

Question 11

Treatments included ____, in which various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits.

Answer 11

exorcism

Question 12

______ __ : A major difference, however, is that ______ are able to prescribe medicine, and some patients see ______ primarily to manage their medications.

Answer 12

psychiatrist (MD)

Question 13

A _____ ___ may be the best referral for patients with more complex issues and who need medication.

Answer 13

psychiatrist (MD)

Question 14

a ______ is usually the first choice for a patient who needs psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy, whether for short-term or long-term treatment.

Answer 14

psychologist

Question 15

_______ is the scientific study of psychological disorders. Within this field are specially trained professionals, including clinical and counseling psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric social workers, and psychiatric nurses, as well as marriage and family therapists and mental health counselors.

Answer 15

psychopathology

Question 16

_____ identifies mental disorder

Answer 16

psychopathology

Question 17

______ first earn an M.D degree in medical school and then specialize in psychiatry during residency training that last 3 to 4 years.
-investigate the nature and causes of psychological disorders

Answer 17

psychiatrists

Question 18

___ ___ ___- typically earn a masters degree in social work as they develop expertise in collecting information relevant to the social and family situation of the individual with a psychological disorder.

Answer 18

psychiatric social workers

Question 19

____ ___ and ____ ___ earn a PhD doctor of philosophy, degree (or sometimes an E.D) doctor of education) and follow a course of graduate-level study lasting approximately 5 years, which prepares them to conduct research into the causes and treatment of psychological disorders and to diagnose, assess, and treat these behaviors.

Answer 19

clinical psychologists and counseling psychologists

Question 20

___ ___ meaning they tend to last a long time, sometimes a life time.

Answer 20

chronic course

Question 21

___ ____ : the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time. This pattern may repeat throughout a person’s life.

Answer 21

episodic course

Question 22

___ ___ ___ : the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk of recurrence.

Answer 22

time-limited course

Question 23

___ ___ : that they begin suddenly

Answer 23

acute onset

Question 24

____ ___: develop gradually over an extended period.

Answer 24

insidious onset

Question 25

the anticipated course of a disorder is called the ____

Answer 25

prognosis

Question 26

____ ____ ____ , meaning the individual will probably recover.

Answer 26

“the good prognosis”

Question 27

___ ____ ____ ____ meaning the probable outcome doesn’t look good.

Answer 27

“the prognosis is guarded”

Question 28

In ancient Greece.
Drugs weren’t the starting point of ancient medicine. First came diet, in the broad sense of your whole way of life, including food, drink, exercise, excrement and sleep. ____ was seen as the balance of different fluids in the body. The focus on diet was never a call to eat raw foods, whatever the claims of modern charlatans who use the name of the ancient Greek doctor Hippocrates to sell their diet regimes.

Answer 28

Health

Question 29

___ ____ is a proto-psychological theory that suggests that there are four fundamental personality types, sanguine (enthusiastic, active, and social), choleric (independent, decisive, goal oriented), melancholic (analytical, detail oriented, deep thinker and feeler), and phlegmatic (relaxed, peaceful, quiet).[2] Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures of the types where individual share two or more temperaments.

Answer 29

Four temperaments

Question 30

_____ ____

1. sanguine (enthusiastic, active, and social)
2. choleric (independent, decisive, goal oriented)
3. melancholic (analytical, detail oriented, deep thinker and feeler)
4. phlegmatic (relaxed, peaceful, quiet).

Answer 30

Four temperaments

Question 31

_____ (enthusiastic, active, and social)

Answer 31

sanguine

Question 32

______ (independent, decisive, goal oriented)

Answer 32

choleric

Question 33

______ (analytical, detail oriented, deep thinker and feeler)

Answer 33

melancholic

Question 34

________ (relaxed, peaceful, quiet)

Answer 34

phlegmatic

Question 35

This classification comes from Hippocrates who believed the concept of ____ and incorporated those four temperaments into four bodily fluids (“humors”) affecting human behaviors and personality traits. He insisted that mood and emotions depended on an excess or lack of those fluids in people’s bodies.

Answer 35

humorism

Question 36

Later, medical researcher Galen described four temperaments as the classification of _____ and _____ qualities from four elements. Looking for physiological reasons of human behaviors, he considered the ideal personality as one with all four characteristics balanced. Galen named them sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic after the bodily humors such as blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.

Answer 36

hot/cold ; dry/wet

Question 37

The _______ personality type of person is considered to be introverted, analytical, logical and private. He or she relies on facts instead of speculations. This type of person is cautious and a bit slow when it comes to responding to others because he or she can be skeptical and suspicious. Not as confident as the individual who has a Choleric Personality Type, the Melancholic person worries about how other people feels about his or her work.

Answer 37

Melancholic

Question 38

Ideas of “normal” and “abnormal” are largely shaped by social standards and can have profound social ramifications.

Answer 38

.

Question 39

Despite the challenges inherent in defining “normal,” it is still important to establish guidelines so as to be able to identify and help people who are suffering. This is the goal of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (known as the ____), a publication in the field of clinical psychology.

Answer 39

DSM-5.

Question 40

The ___ attempts to explicitly distinguish normality from abnormality based on specific symptoms.

Answer 40

DSM-5

Question 41

____ and discrimination can add to the suffering and disability of those who are diagnosed with (or perceived to have) a mental disorder.

Answer 41

Stigma

Question 42

_____ The establishment of a cause, origin, or reason for something.

Answer 42

etiology

Question 43

____ Any deviation from a healthy or normal condition; abnormality.

Answer 43

pathology

Question 44

_____ Group-held beliefs about how members of that group should behave in a given situation.

Answer 44

social norms:

Question 45

_____ An environmental condition or influence that causes distress for an organism.

Answer 45

stressor

Question 46

______ The societal disapproval and judgment of a person or group of people because they do not fit their community’s social norms.

Answer 46

stigma

Question 47

A psychological disorder is a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. However, defining what is “normal” and “abnormal” is a subject of much debate. Definitions of normality vary widely by person, time, place, culture, and situation. “Normal” is, after all, a subjective perception, and also an amorphous one—it is often easier to describe what is not normal than what is normal.

Answer 47

.

Question 48

______- the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially toward others.

Answer 48

behavior

Question 49

_______ _____ are the primary medications for the treatment of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders with a psychosis component (e.g. amphetamine psychosis, psychosis in Alzheimer’s disease, psychosis in Parkinson’s disease, etc.).

Answer 49

Antipsychotic drugs

Question 50

______ _____ (neuroleptics) are drugs that treat the symptoms of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.

Answer 50

Antipsychotic drugs

Question 51

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: demonstrate that you know very well this class of medication. It is a classic _____ _______

Answer 51

antidepressant medication.

Question 52

_____ _____ _____ ____ are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. The exact mechanism of action of ____ is unknown.

Answer 52

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ; SSRIs

Question 53

In the _______, the mentally ill were feared, shunned, and subjected to bizarre and often abusive treatments. People believed mental illness was caused by divine retribution, demonic possession, witchcraft, astrological influences, excessive passions, or imbalanced humors, and treatments included exorcisms and violent medical purges.

-We need to treat mental disorder like any other disorder, we do not need to remove people from the society

Answer 53

Renaissance

Question 54

he moral management movement founded in England by ____ ____, and independently in France by Pinel, took root in the United States.

Answer 54

William Tuke

Question 55

_____ ____ ____ was an approach to mental disorder based on humane psychosocial care or moral discipline that emerged in the 18th century and came to the fore for much of the 19th century, deriving partly from psychiatry or psychology and partly from religious or moral concerns.

Answer 55

Moral Treatment Movement

Question 56

____ ____

id: instincts
ego: reality
superego: morality

Answer 56

Freudian theory

Question 57

If Freudian Theory are not successfully resolved, what are different ways in which we respond to that?

Answer 57

regression, fixation

Question 58

In order to deal with conflict and problems in life, Freud stated that the ego employs a range of ______ _______. ____ ___ operate at an unconscious level and help ward off unpleasant feelings (i.e., anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individual.

Answer 58

Defense mechanisms

Question 59

___ ___ _ _____ ___-

1. Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months) …
2. Anal Stage (18 months to three years) …
3. Phallic Stage (ages three to six) …
4. Latency Stage (age six to puberty) …
5. Genital Stage (puberty on)

Answer 59

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.

Question 60

_____ ______It helps the client gain the belief that all people are inherently good.[2] It adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and positive human potential. It encourages viewing ourselves as a “whole person” greater than the sum of our parts and encourages self exploration rather than the study of behavior in other people.

Answer 60

humanistic psychology

Question 61

Behavioristic approach- there are 3 method within behavioristic approach

1.
2.
3.

Answer 61

1. Classic conditioning-
2. Operant conditioning-
3. Observational conditioning-

Question 62

____ ___ ____ can be used to treat people with a wide range of mental health problems.

___ is based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together. Specifically, our thoughts determine our feelings and our behavior.

Answer 62

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Question 63

____ aims to help people become aware of when they make negative interpretations, and of behavioral patterns which reinforce the distorted thinking. Cognitive therapy helps people to develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving which aims to reduce their psychological distress.

Answer 63

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Question 64

_____ The behavior part of the therapy involves setting homework for the client to do (e.g. keeping a diary of thoughts). The therapist gives the client tasks that will help them challenge their own irrational beliefs.

Answer 64

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Question 65

The issue of prognosis and diagnosis?
-we cannot truly ever know the prognosis and diagnosis 100% of the time. Sometimes individuals may or may not display the full symptoms of the disease so it is hard to diagnose.

Answer 65

.

Question 66

____ the anticipated course of a disorder

Answer 66

prognosis

Question 67

_____ is the process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder, as set forth in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Answer 67

diagnosis

Question 68

statistical issues in the past:
Concern for the clinical significance of results led researchers to develop statistical methods that address not just that groups are different but also how large these differences are, or ___ ___.

Answer 68

effect size.

Question 69

_____: is whether something measures what is designed to measure– in this case, whether a technique assess what it is supposed to.

Answer 69

validity

Question 70

_______ : a quantity calculated to indicate the extent of deviation for a group as a whole.

Answer 70

standard deviation

Question 71

______: is the degree to which a measurement is consistent

Answer 71

reliability

Question 72

_________: is the process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measurements. The standards might apply to the procedures of testing, scoring, and evaluating data.

Answer 72

standardization

Question 73

The patient is in front of you, how you assess?

1. Interview- get information, demographic information
2. Mental status evaluation- the course of the problem.
3. Administration of the test

Answer 73

.

Question 74

Mental status- how do we get information about the patient’s mood. Patients ability to express, by observing the patient during the interview and test of administration?

Answer 74

It is based on observations

Question 75

___ ___ ____: ensures patients confidentiality. There are limits to confidentiality, the convo between patients and therapist, there is “privilege” conversation.

Issues- when patient wants to harm themselves or others.

Involuntarily hospitalize the patient- if you determine she is danger to self or others or grately disabled.
In this case, you are mandate to waive confidentiality

Answer 75

Issue of confidentiality

Question 76

There are exceptions to confidentiality? What are they?

Answer 76

Issues- when patient wants to harm themselves or others.

Involuntarily hospitalize the patient- if you determine she is danger to self or others or grately disabled.
In this case, you are mandate to waive confidentiality

Question 77

A _____ interview is a type of interview in which the interviewer asks a particular set of predetermined questions.

Answer 77

structured

Question 78

An ______ interview is a type of interview in which the interviewer asks questions which are not prepared in advance.

Answer 78

unstructured

Question 79

A _____ ____ interview is a type of interview in which the interviewer asks only a few predetermined questions while the rest of the questions are not planned in advance.

Answer 79

semi-structured

Question 80

______ _____ is a method used in the field of psychology to observe, describe, explain, predict and sometimes correct behavior. Behavioral assessment can be useful in clinical, educational and corporate settings.

For example, Sara is five-year-old girl who has started getting into trouble at school. She has been sent to the office three times in one week and is now crying and refusing to go to school. What could be going on with Sara? A _____ ______ might be the next step toward answering this question.

Answer 80

Behavioral assessment

Question 81

_______ one can study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured

Answer 81

behaviorism

Question 82

____ _____ are psychological tests that measure an individual’s characteristics in a way that is independent of rater bias or the individual’s own beliefs._____ ____ tend to be more reliable and valid than projective or subjective tests

Answer 82

Objective tests

Question 83

A ____ ____, in psychology, is a personality test designed to allow a person to respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts. Responses are analyzed according to a universal standard (for example, a multiple choice exam) rather than an individual’s judgment. The best known_____ _____ is the Rorschach inkblot test in which a patient is shown an irregular spot of ink and asked to explain what they see.

Answer 83

projective test

Question 84

Reliability- which test is more reliable,

Projective or objective?

Answer 84

objective

Question 85

The ______ is a standardized psychometric test of adult personality and psychopathology. Psychologists and other mental health professionals use various versions of the ___ to help develop treatment plans; assist with differential diagnosis; help answer legal questions (forensic psychology); screen job candidates during the personnel selection process; or as part of a therapeutic assessment procedure.

Starke R. Hathaway, J. C. McKinley, (developed the test)

Answer 85

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Question 86

Neuropsychological test- what are we dealing with ? what are we trying to determine?

Answer 86

brain behavior relationship

Question 87

_____ a bull potential is one of the techniques that is used in ____

Answer 87

E G (electrical)

Question 88

One technique can help you gain more control over these normally involuntary functions. It’s called ______, and the therapy is used to help prevent or treat conditions, including migraine headaches, chronic pain, incontinence, and high blood pressure

Answer 88

biofeedback

Question 89

Based on administration of the tests,

What are the systems that allow us to classify the persons presentations?

Answer 89

1. ICD 11-

2. DSM 5- diagnosis statistic of mental manual disorder

Question 90

All the patients that are diagnosed with schizophrenia have the same experiences?

Answer 90

No, every patient has different symptoms

Question 91

morbidity with depression is significantly reduced under ____

Answer 91

ICD-11

Question 92

For the time being, we still have a “fuzzy” categories that blur at the edges, making diagnostic decisions difficult at times. As a consequence, individuals are often diagnosed with more than one psychological disorder at the same time, called _____

Answer 92

comorbidity

Question 93

_____ the rate of disease in a population

Answer 93

morbidity

Question 94

the basic research process is simple. You start with an educated guess, called a _____

Answer 94

hypothesis

Question 95

______ _____ (aka third variables) are variables that the researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment.

Answer 95

Confounding variables

Question 96

_______ : a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another. It is what is being controlled in an experiment.

Answer 96

independent variable

Question 97

_________ : a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another. The variable that is being measured

Answer 97

dependent variable

Question 98

One of the strategies employed for avoiding confounding is to restrict admission into the study to a group of subjects who have the same levels of the confounding factors. For example, in the hypothetical study looking at the association between physical activity and heart disease, suppose that age and gender were the only two confounders of concern. If so, confounding by these factors could have been avoided by making sure that all subjects were males between the ages of 40-50. This will ensure that the age distributions are similar in the groups being compared, so that confounding will be minimized.

Answer 98

confounding variables

Question 99

______ ____ : a mathematical calculation about the difference between groups.

Answer 99

statistical significance

Question 100

____ _____: whether or not the difference was meaningful for those affected.

Answer 100

clinical significance

Question 101

____ _____ - A blueprint of the procedure that enables the researcher to test his hypothesis by reaching valid conclusions about relationships between independent and dependent variables. It refers to the conceptual framework within which the experiment is conducted.

Answer 101

Experimental Design

Question 102

_____ establish cause and effect. A _____ identifies variables and looks for a relationship between them.

Answer 102

Experiments ; correlation

Question 103

_____ _____ range from +1 to –1.

Answer 103

Possible correlations

Question 104

In ____ ____ a researcher looks for associations among naturally occurring variables,

Answer 104

correlational studies

Question 105

____ ___ the researcher introduces a change and then monitors its effects.

Answer 105

experimental studies

Question 106

1. randomization (aim is random distribution of
   confounders between study groups)
2. restriction (restrict entry to study of individuals with confounding factors - risks bias in itself)
3. matching (of individuals or groups, aim for equal distribution of confounders)
4. stratification (confounders are distributed evenly within each stratum)
5. adjustment (usually distorted by choice of standard)
6. multivariate analysis (only works if you can identify and measure the confounders)

Answer 106

How to you minimize confound