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US Governments > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

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U.S. Geography flashcards
1
Q

government

A

the means by which a sociaety organizes itself

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2
Q

politics

A

the process of gaining and exercising control within a goverment

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3
Q

democracy

A

a political system in which people govern themselves with capitalism

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4
Q

oiligarchy

A

only members of a certain political party or ruling elite can participate

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5
Q

private goods

A

food clothing and housing provided by private means

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6
Q

public goods

A

goods and services available to all without a charge

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7
Q

toll good

A

private schooling, cable, turnpikes

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8
Q

common goods

A

goods that all people may use free of charge but that lare of limited supply such as fish and clean drinking water

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9
Q

representative democracy

A

elected representatives make descions

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10
Q

majority rule

A

the opinions of the majority have rule

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11
Q

minority rights

A

people cannot be deprived of rights even if they are minority

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12
Q

direct democracy

A

people participate in making the descions

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13
Q

monarchy

A

one rulers

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14
Q

totalitarianism

A

the government controls all aspects of citizens lives

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15
Q

elitism vs pluralism

A

the idea that a ruling calls of elite take prcidence over the others who have to infulence over the poor

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16
Q

pluralism

A

gov power amd influence rests with political interest groups

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17
Q

social capital

A

the collective value of all social networks

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18
Q

ideology

A

established beliefs and ideals

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19
Q

latent preferences

A

loosely held beliefs change over time

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20
Q

intense preferences

A

strong and unchanging feelsings

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21
Q

partisenship

A

string support or even blind alliagences

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22
Q

anti federalists

A

those who did not support ratification of the Constitution

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23
Q

articles of confederation

A

the first basis for the new nations government adopted in 1781 created an alliance of soverign states held together by a weak central governments

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24
Q

bi cameral legislature

A

two houses

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25
Q

Bill of Rights

A

the first ten amendments of the Constitution were designed to protect fundemental rights and liberties

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26
Q

checks and balences

A

a system that allows one branch of goverment to limit the exercise of power by another branch

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27
Q

confederation

A

a highly decentralized form of government, soverighn states form a union for purposes such as defense

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28
Q

enumerated powers

A

the powers given explicitly to the Federal government by the Constitution to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, raise and support armies, declare war, coin money and conduct foriegn affairs

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29
Q

Federal system

A

a form of government in which power is divided between state governments and a national government

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30
Q

Federalists

A

those whosupported ratification of the Constitution

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31
Q

great compromise

A

a compromise between the Virginia plan and the New Jersey Plan that created a two house congress respresentation based on population in the House of Representatives and equal representation of states in the Senate

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32
Q

natural rights

A

the right to life, liberty and property belived to be given by God no governements can take away

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33
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

a plan that called for a one house national legislature

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34
Q

republic

A

a form of government in which political power rests in the hands of the people not a monarch and is exerside by elected representatives

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35
Q

reserved powers

A

any powers not prohibited by the Constitutional or delegated to the national governments

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36
Q

seperation of powers

A

the sharing of powers among three seperate branches of government

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37
Q

social contract

A

an agreement between people and government in which citizens consent to be government so long as the government protects thier natural rights

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38
Q

supremacy clause

A

the statement in Article VI of the Constitution that Federal Law is superior to laws passed by state ;egislatures

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39
Q

The Federalists Papers

A

a collection of eighty five essays written by A Hamilton, Madison and John Jay in support of the ratification of the Constitution

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40
Q

three fifths compromise

A

compromise between northrn and southern states that called for counting all of a states free population and 60precent of its slave population for both federal tatation and respresentation on Congress

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41
Q

veto

A

the power of the president to reject a law proposed by Congress

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42
Q

Virginia Plan

A

a plan for two house legislature

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43
Q

bill of attainder

A

a legislature action declaring someone guilty without a trail prohibited under the Constitution

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44
Q

blocks grant

A

type of grant that comes with less stringent federal administrative conditiond and provide recipients more latitude over how to spend grant funds

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45
Q

categorical grant

A

a federal transfer formulated to limit recepients discretion in the use of funds and subject them to strict administrative criteria

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46
Q

concurrent powers

A

shared state and federal powers that range from taxing borrowing and making and enforcing laws to estabiling court systems

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47
Q

cooperative federalism

A

a style of fderealism in which both levels of governments coordinate thier actions to solve national problems leading to the blending of layers as in a mrable cake

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48
Q

creeping categorization

A

a process in which powers from the central government in a unitary system are delegated to subnational units

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49
Q

devolution

A

a process in which powers from the central government in a unitary system are delegated to subnational units

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50
Q

dual federalism

A

a syle of federalism in which the states and national government excersise exclusive authority

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51
Q

elastic cause

A

the last clause of Article 1 sec 8 which enables the national government to make laws which shall be neccessary and proper for carrying out all its constitutional responsibilities

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52
Q

ex post facto

A

a law that criminalizes an act retroactively prohibited under the Constitution

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53
Q

full faith and credit

A

requires states to accept court descions public acts and contracts of other states also reffered to as the comity provision

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54
Q

general revenue sharing

A

a type of fderal grant that places minimal restrictions on how state and local govenments

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55
Q

immigaration federalism

A

the gradual movement of states into immigration poligy domain traditionally handled by the local federal government

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56
Q

new federalism

A

a style of fderalism premised on the idea that the decentralization of polotics enhances adminstration

57
Q

nullification

A

a doctrine promoted by john calhoun of south carolina in the 1830’s asserting that if a state deems a federal law unconstitutional it can nullify it within its borders

58
Q

privilages and immunities

A

prohibits states from discrimination againts out of staters by deniying such garuntees as access to courts legal protection and property and travel rights

59
Q

race to the bottom

A

a dynamic in which states comptete to attaract business by lowering taxes and regulations often to workers detriment

60
Q

unfunded mandates

A

federal laws and regulations that impose obligations on state and local governments without fully compensation them for the costs of implementation

61
Q

unitary system

A

a centralized system of government in which the subnational government is depoendent on the central government where substantial authority is concentrated

62
Q

venue shopping

A

a strategy in which interest groups select the level and branch of gevernment they calculate will be most receptive to thier policy goals

63
Q

writ iof habeas corpus

A

a pettion that enables someone in custody to petition a judge to determine wherther that persons detention is legal

64
Q

blue law

A

a law originally created to uphold a religious or moral standard

65
Q

civil liberties

A

limitations on the power of governemnt designed to ensure personal freedom

66
Q

civil rights

A

guarantees of equal treatment by government authorities

67
Q

common law

A

a right of the people rooted in legal tradition and past court rulings rather than the Constitution

68
Q

conscientious objector

A

a person who claims to have a right to refuse to perform military service

69
Q

double jepordy

A

cannot be tried twice for the same crime

70
Q

due process

A

provisions of the 5th and 14th amendment that limit government power to deny people life liberty and property

71
Q

economic liberty

A

the right of individuals to obtain use and trade things of value for thier own benefit

72
Q

eminent domain

A

the power of governemnt to take or use property for a public purpose aftre compensation its owner also known as the takings clause of the 5th amendment

73
Q

establishment clause

A

the provision of the 1st amendment thatprohibits the government from endorsing a state sponsored religion interpreted as preventing government from favoring some religious belifes over others religion

74
Q

exclusionary rule

A

a requirement from supreme court case Mapp v Ohio that evidence obtained as a result of an illegal search or seizure cannot be used totry someone for a crime

75
Q

free exercise clause

A

the provision of 1st amendment that prohibits the government from regulating religious beliefs

76
Q

miranda warning

A

a statement of law enforcement giving you your rights

77
Q

patriot act

A

a law passed by congress that gives the us permission to monitor electronic communication

78
Q

prior restraint

A

government action that stops someone from doing something before they are able to do it

79
Q

probable cause

A

legal standard for determining wheterher a search or seizure is constitutional or a crime has been commited

80
Q

selective incorporation

A

the gradual process of making some guarantee of the bill of rights

81
Q

Sherbert test

A

a standard for deciding whether a law violates the free excersice clause

82
Q

symbolic speech

A

form of expression that does not use writing or speech non the less communicates an idea

83
Q

undue burden test

A

a measn of decoding whether a law that makes it harder for women to seek abortions is constitutional

84
Q

affirmative action

A

the uese of programs and policies design to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination

85
Q

american indian movement

A

the native american civil rights groups reponsible for the occupation of wounded knee

86
Q

black codes

A

laws immediately passed after the civil war that discriminated against freed slaves

87
Q

brown vs board of education

A

the 1954 supremem court ruling stricking down plessy v ferguson declared segregation

88
Q

chicano

A

a term adopted by some Mexican Americans

89
Q

civil disobedience

A

an action taken in violation of the letter of the law to demonstrate that the law is unjust

90
Q

comparable worth

A

a doctrine calling for the same pay for workers whose jobs require the same level of education responsibility training or working condition

91
Q

coverture

A

alegal status of married women in which thier seperate legal identities were erased

92
Q

de facto segregation

A

segregation that results from the private choices of individuals

93
Q

de jure segregation

A

segregation that results from government discrimination

94
Q

direct action

A

civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregationists practices through public demonstrations

95
Q

disenfrancchisement

A

the revocation of someones right to vote

96
Q

equal protection clause

A

a provision of the fourteenth amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law

97
Q

glass ceiling

A

an invisible barrier caused by discrimination

98
Q

grandfather claus

A

the provision in some southern states that allowed illerterate whites to vote because ancestors had been able to vote before the fifthteenth amendment was ratified

99
Q

hate crime

A

harrassment bullying or other criminal acts directed against someone because of bias against that persons sex gender

100
Q

intermediate scrutiny

A

the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex

101
Q

Jim Crowe Laws

A

state and local laws that promoted racial segregation and underminded black voting rights

102
Q

literacy tests

A

tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions

103
Q

Plessy v Ferguson

A

the 1896 supreme court ruling that allowed seperate but equal

104
Q

poll tax

A

annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote

105
Q

rational basis test

A

the standards used by courts to decide most forms of discriminations the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action

106
Q

reconstruction

A

the period from 1865-1877 during which the givernment of conferderate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union

107
Q

stonewall inn

A

a bar in greenwhich village new yourk where mondern Gay pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBT

108
Q

strict scrutiny

A

the standard used by courts to decide cases of discrimination based on race, ethnicity national origin

109
Q

title IX

A

the section of the US education amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basisi of sex

110
Q

understanding tests

A

tests requireing prospective voters in some states to be able to explain the meaning of passage of text or to answer a question related to citizenship often used as a way to disenfranchise black votesr

111
Q

white primary

A

a primary election in which only whites are allowed to vote

112
Q

agent of political socialization

A

a person or entity that teachers and influences others about through use of information

113
Q

bandwagon effect

A

increased media coverage of candidates who poll high

114
Q

bradley effect

A

the difference between a poll reseult and an election result in which voters gave a socially desirable poll response rather than a true response that might be perceived as racist

115
Q

classical liberalism

A

apolitical ideology based on belief in individual liberties and rights and the idea of free will with little role of givernment

116
Q

communism

A

a political and economic system in which in theory government promotes common ownershop of all property meansof production and materials to prevent the explotaion of workers while creating equal sociaety

117
Q

covert content

A

ideologically slanted infromation presented as unbiased

118
Q

diffuse support

A

the widespread belief that a country and its legal system are legistatmate

119
Q

exit poll

A

an election poll taken by interviewing voters as they leave the polling place

120
Q

fascism

A

apolitical system of total control by the ruling party or political leader over the economy

121
Q

favorability poll

A

a public opinion poll that measures a piblic positive feelings about a candidate or politician

122
Q

heuristics

A

shortcuts or rules of thumb for decision making

123
Q

horserace coverage

A

day to day media coverage of candidate performace in the election

124
Q

leading question

A

a question worded to lead a respndents to give desired answer

125
Q

margin of error

A

a number that states how far the poll results may be from the actual preferences of the total population

126
Q

modern conservation

A

political ideology that prioritizes individual liberties preferring a smaller givernment that stays out of the economy

127
Q

modern liberalism

A

apolitical ideology focused on equality and supporting government interventation in society and th eeconomy if it promotes equality

128
Q

overt content

A

political information whose author makes clear that only one side is presented

129
Q

policatl culture

A

the prevailing political attitudes and beliefs within asociety or region

130
Q

political elite

A

a political opinion leader who alerts the public to changes

131
Q

political socialization

A

the processe of learning the norms and practices of a political system through oyhers and societal insttutions

132
Q

public opion

A

a collection of opions of an individuals or a group of individuals on a topic person or event

133
Q

push poll

A

politically biased campaign information presented as a poll in order to change minds

134
Q

random sample

A

a limited number of pople from th eoverall populations

135
Q

respresentative sample

A

a group of respondents demographically similar to the population of interest

136
Q

socialism

A

a political and economic system in which government uses its authority to promote social economic eqality providing everyome with basic services and equal opportunities

137
Q

straw poll

A

an informal and unofficial electionpoll conducted with a non random population

138
Q

thory of delgate representation

A

a theory that assumes the politician is in office to be the voice of the people and to voite only asthe people want

139
Q

traditional conservatism

A

a political ideology supporting the authority of the monary and the church in the belief that government provides the rule of law

US Governments (2 decks)

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