Test 1 Flashcards
Learn about digestive anatomy and CHO
T/F. A Calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1°C
False. cal not Cal
T/F. A starch seed will be smaller than one that contains more lipid.
False
T/F a steer fed a grain diet will consume more carbs than a steer on a forage diet
False
What is a triglyceride?
3 amino acids on a glycerol backbone
T/F. All fats are lipids, but not all lipids are fats.
True
How many amino acids of the 200 that exist, are used to synthesize protien?
20
T/F. Dogs dont experience insensible loss cince they dont sweat.
False. They pant, which lets them lose water from the lungs
Who is Antoine Lavoisier?
‘Father of Nutrition’ for development of bomb calorimeter
Carbs are synthesized via _____ in plants, and _____ in animals
Photosynthesis, gluconeogenesis
Carbs consist of ___ where n=__
CHO, 6
T/F. Cholesterol and waxes are examples of vitamins
False, lipids
Breakdown of insoluble molecules into compounfs capable of being absorbed into the blood
Digestion
T/F. Double bonds in saturated fatty acids cause kinks in the fatty acids
False. Cause kinks in unsaturated fatty acids
Glucose, frustose, lactose. Which is not a monosaccharide?
Lactose
Lipids are insoluble in water, but they are soluble in..
Organic solvents
What kind of linkage does maltose have?
Alpha linked glucose
Why are ruminants fed non-protien nitrogen (NPN)?
To meet their amino acid requirements
What elements are present in protiens?
C,H,O,N and sometimes S
Where do sweet taste buds tend to be located?
Tip of the tongue
What are the five tastes?
Sweet sour bitter salty and umami
A joule is a unit of energy that is roughly ____ of a calorie
1/4 th
What are the fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E and K
Water lost from evaporation across the lungs is called..?
Insensable loss
Leafy greens and yeast are good sourses of..?
Water soluble vitamins
Define Cal or Kcal as it relates to animal nutrition
=1000 calories
What is umami, what foods are assisosiated with umami
Savory. Maybe high protien?
Do ruminants produce salivary amylase? Explain
Not technically but it is produced from the outside of the mouth on the muzzle
Describe size and purpose of the esophageal grove
About 2”. Channels milk in young ruminants straight to the abomasum
Explain lactose intolerence
It means you dont have many lactase enzymes and therefore cannot digest lactose efficiantly
Describe an evolutionary advantage of ruminants
They ruminate. Meaning that can eat as much as fast as they want to, and then rechew later.
If a steer and horse were both fed oats, which would gain more weight
Horse. They digest grain before it gets to fermentation.
What do steer feces look like and why
Smooth, runny. No particles. Due to rumination
What do horse feces look like and why
Round, dry coarse. Lots of particles. Horses do not ruminate
What do sheep feces look like and why
Round smooth pellets. No particles. Lambs ruminate but abdorb a lot more water
Why would a steer fed grain gain more than a steer fed hay?
On a grain diet, you lose less energy fue to gas by producing more propionate. Eating hay results in more acetate and butrate, which produce gas
Vestigial part of cecum in humans
Appendix
Stomach cells that secrete HCL
Parietal cells
Stomach cells that secrete digestive enzymes
Chief cells
Special name for epithelial cell lining the villi
Enterocyte
Secretes an alkaline mucous into the small intestine to protect against acid
Brunner’s glands
Secrete lysozyme into small intestine to kill bacteria
Paneth cells
Mucous secreting cells embedded in the surface of the villi
Goblet cells
Lymph capillary found in the villi
Lacteal
Common external opening for the digestive and reproductive tract in birds
Vent
Common chamber into which the digestive and reproductive tract open up in birds
Cloaca
Clusters of white blood cells that project into the small intestine
Peyers patches
Branched glucan used as a storage of carb in animals
Glycogen
Disaccharide containing beta 1-4 glucose linkage
Cellulose
Fiber component that is not a carbohydrate, but influences the utilization of forage carbs
Lignin
Heptose monosaccharide that is a ketose
Sedoheptolose
Heteroglycan that is a primary component of the plant cell wall
Hemicellulose
Heteroglycan thay makes up white mesh of an apple
Pectin
Hexose monosaccharide that is a ketose
Galactose
A hexose monosaccharide that is an aldose
Glucose
Homoglycan containing only glucose
Glucan
Homoglycan found in high concentrations in chickory
Fructan
Intermediate formed by the breakdown of amylopectin hy amylase
Limit dextrin
Pentose monosaccharide that is an aldose
Ribose
Polysaccharide of glucose liked both at 1-6 and 1-4
Amylopectin
Polysaccharide of glycose like only by alpha 1-4
Amylose
Polysaccharides linked by beta 1-4
Cellulose
Process used to synthesize glucose in an animal
Gluconeogenesis
Fruranose ring
Ring structure of fructose
Pyranose ring
Ring structure of glucose
Tetrose monosaccharide that is an aldose
Erythrose
Triose monosaccharide that is a keytose
Dihydroxyacetone
Pectin, hemicellulose, lignin, sucrose, glycogen
Which are heteroglycans?
Pectin and Hemicellulose
Pectin, amylose, cellulose, amylopectin, maltose
Which are glucans?
Amylose, cellulose, amylopectin
Theyre hydrogenated, lower in calories, and are responsible for cooling sensation in the mouth
Sugar alcohols
Has virtually no calories, is chlorinated, and is 600x sweeter that sucrose
Sucralose
Which are absorbed through the small intestine via active transport?
Lactose, sucrose, galactose, fructose, glucose5
Galactose and glucose
The primary site for absorbtion of nutrients in a pig
Jejunum
Chicken, pig, horse, cow
Which produce salivary amylase
Chicken, and Pig
