Test 1

Question 1

state

Answer 1

specific political unit characterised by population, territory, gov’t, recognition from other states, and sovereignty (complete control over territory and people - no one else tells them what to do)

Question 2

nation

Answer 2

an ethnic/cultural group with shared characteristics such as language, history, and religion

Question 3

legitimacy

Answer 3

a gov’t receives legitimacy when the people in the territory believe that it is justified, that the laws should be followed, and its rule conforms to commonly accepted values

Question 4

globalization

Answer 4

borders between countries are very faded - free trade, movement of $, and ability to sell across borders

Question 5

culture

Answer 5

a set of shared, learned values, beliefs, perceptions, attitudes, modes of living, language, symbols, and customs (shape perceptions of reality)

Question 6

ethnocentrism

Answer 6

judging the customs of another culture through a different culture’s standards
- Everyone thinks their culture is the best one

Question 7

cultural relativity

Answer 7

norms should be evaluated by norms of their culture not yours
- Morally and ethically hard to draw the line

Question 8

racism

Answer 8

judging others based on perceived physical differences

Question 9

genocide

Answer 9

purposeful killing off of a specific nationality or culture

Question 10

tatamadaw

Answer 10

Myanmar army killing off the Rohingya, basically operate with no rules or consequences

Question 11

where did civilization first develop? why?

Answer 11

middle east, they were able to plant cereal grains and domesticate animals (allowed for a food surplus (could survive through winter) and they stayed put instead of looking for food)

Question 12

What advantages did that region have, and what kept other places (such as Papua New Guinea) from advancing as well?

Answer 12

This region basically had geographic luck, the ground was good for farming and the animals that could be domesticated were native to the Middle East

Question 13

characteristics of states

Answer 13

they need territory, population, gov’t, international recognition from other states, and sovereignty

Question 14

how/where the modern state system evolved and was formalized

Answer 14

Ideas for new system came from exploration and trade in Europe (needed enforcement) and the protestant reformation (helped to undermine church)
Formalized by Treaty of Westphalia (gave jurisdiction over territory)

Question 15

trends since World War II, and their characteristics

Answer 15

End of colonialism/breakup of empires (ottoman)
Cold war (bipolar world)
Lead to proxy wars in newer countries over argument for allegiance
Arms build-up (wanted allegiance and thought we could buy it)
Nuclear proliferation
USSR got nukes shortly after we bombed Japan
Fall of communism
Lost legitimacy of their own people and they fell behind the rest of the world
Globalization
Global capitalism - free trade, movement of $ across borders
Zionism
Embrace of a Jewish homeland
Expansion of militant Islamism
Extreme Islamism (want to govern by specific Islam law)

Question 16

21st-century trends

Answer 16

Decrease in extreme poverty
China had huge economic boom
Rise of nationalism/populism
Populism: Distrust of establishment
The idea that the world needs to cooperate is changing to people looking inward to their own interests 
Racial and ethnic tensions
Undermining state system (ex. Kurds fighting against gov’t)
Democratic retreat
Democracies moving towards authoritarian

Question 17

global primacy and types

Answer 17

set cultural differences aside and call for universal culture
Assimilation: enforceable imposing of one culture onto another
Acculturation: spreading culture slowly worldwide

Question 18

cultural primacy

Answer 18

celebrates cultural differences (focused on indigenous rights)

Question 19

5 pillars of Islam

Answer 19

Profession of faith
Prayer
Fasting during Ramadan
Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)
Alms-giving

Question 20

divisions in islam

Answer 20

Divisions caused when prophet died
Sunni: about 85%
Control: Egypt, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Jordan, Turkey, UAE
Shiite
Control: Syria (sunni majority), Iraq, and Iran

Question 21

Who are the Kurds? Where are they located? What do they want? What are U.S. concerns?

Answer 21

Ethnic group straddling Iraq, Iran, and Turkey
They had autonomous region (own parliament and self rule) and then pushed for independence
They didn’t get independence and Turkey took away autonomy
US concerned because Kurds and Turkish are allies, if they fight we don’t know who to back

Question 22

rohingya and their issues

Answer 22

Largest stateless population (Muslim)
Stuck in Myanmar with the Tatamadaw who have been boycotting businesses, attacking their communities
They are still not allowed to be involved in peace talks even with new president who was supposed to help them
Causing refugee crisis in Bangladesh (trying to flee there)

Question 23

sudan and south sudan

Answer 23

South Sudan fought to get away (for largely religious reasons)
Northern Muslims were oppressing Southern Christians
Now, south Sudan still fighting over ethnic lines

Question 24

genocide in darfur

Answer 24

Ethnicity conflict (arabs vs africans)
Caused also by resource stress

Question 25

The Uighurs and their grievances

Answer 25

Chinese gov’t trying to push Han into that area
Uighurs worried about their culture, language disappearing
Also, job crisis

Question 26

European separatist movements

Answer 26

Scotland
Fought for independence, lost bc of economic concerns
Stress now bc UK pulled out of EU and Scotland wanted to stay in
Catalonian area in Spain (nationalism leading to these movements)
Wanted independence, leaders thrown in jail
Having an election for this province and one of the leaders in exile wants to rule from Germany

Question 27

universal declaration of human rights info

Answer 27

Very Western set of Human rights (ethnocentric)
Free and equal, freedom of religion, right to work in good conditions, right to education, right to marry no matter your race
Criticised because not every country follows all of these (basically just goals) and they’re extremely hard to enforce

Question 28

how human rights are promoted and enforced

Answer 28

Moral Persuasion (Shame them)
Giving economic consequences (ex. Boycotts on South African countries because of what they were doing)
Some leaders just can’t be shamed (North Korea)
International Law: ICC
Take care of most grave violations of human rights
Military Force
UN Peacekeeping Forces

Question 29

ICC jurisdiction, sentencing, criticisms

Answer 29

124 member states (not US)
Jurisdiction:
Crimes against humanity (enslavement, torture, murder)
War crimes (torture, hostages, intentionally taking out hospitals, schools, etc, child soldiers)
Crimes of aggression (unprovoked attacks)
Can exercise if accused is citizen of party state, crime happened in party territory, or UN Security Council refers case to the ICC prosecutor
No police force (rely on party country’s police, can’t send in outside force because of sovereignty)
Accused of being racist
Max sentence is life in prison
Usually defer to domestic courts

Question 30

UN peacekeeping

Answer 30

No standing army (take volunteers and soldier contributions)
Basic principles:
Consent of parties in conflict
Impartiality (there to observe and protect citizens)
No use of force other than self-defense (could be changing because a lot of people have been dying lately)

Question 31

world in 1350

Answer 31

China was a developed state by this time and thrived with inventions such as the compass,stern rudder, and gunpowder
China’s inventions shrivelled the Middle East economy
Middle East had many social services and thrived with irrigation. This was also the time Ottoman Turks began expansion
Africa had universities, gold, and salt trade

Question 32

early era of european expansion

Answer 32

Want for Indian spices facilitated need for trade - economically motivated
Portuguese and Spanish masters
More trade from gold and slaves found in Africa
France and England less successful - couldn’t find way to Asia from north, made conflicting claims for North American land and kinda fucked it up

Question 33

late era of european expansion

Answer 33

England and France grew in success
Caribbean sugar plantations and tobacco trade
England pushed everyone out of main America and basically got super rich from trade
Industrialization grew the need for expansion and the ability to expand
Europe split up Africa into territories without really checking w them first

Question 34

general concept of race

Answer 34

Race originally referred to nothing more than a collection of tribes or ethnic groups. Around 1600-1800 the term took a new meaning, this time describing common physical and sometimes physiological differences. Present day, it just describes the color of your skin.

Question 35

causes of ethnic conflict

Answer 35

Social and economic developments modify ancient hatreds
Tend to occur in poor countries with weak political institutions
Deliberate manipulation of negative perceptions
Competition among groups for scarce economic resources
Systematic and widespread frustration of human needs
The proliferation of automatic weapons

Question 36

similarities of fundamentalists of different religions

Answer 36

Fundamentalists of certain religions tend to lean towards the fundamentals of things like their religious leaders and books versus the government and culture.There are also other influences like modesty of dress, criminal punishments, alcohol and smoking, and other “cultural”norms.

Question 37

spread of islamic fundamentalism

Answer 37

Globalization
Rise of militant Islam
Reconquer Jerusalem
Other Involment in Muslim countries such as the overthrow of Iran’s prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq

Question 38

goal of arab spring

Answer 38

turn over some of the monarchy to a democratic system (failing)

Question 39

why civilizations will clash

Answer 39

deep rooted ideological differences and globalization

Question 40

short and long term plans for clash of civilizations prevention

Answer 40

Short-term recommendations: build up Western military and try and decrease Islamic militaries and build up cooperative ties with your allies
Long-term recommendations: Create better understandings and more peaceful interactions

Question 41

Ajami: interests of states

Answer 41

Muslim countries are pretty modern and a lot of these clashes are based on economic reasons rather than cultural issues (non-Western countries got to where they are after a lot of hard work)
Hussein wasn’t even religious: he emphasizes politics and territory (not civilizations)

Question 42

factors that led to international concern over human rights

Answer 42

slavery
red cross (humanized war)
genocide

Question 43

approaches for implementing human rights

Answer 43

Regimes started popping up, but in the end individuals have responsibility for human rights.

Question 44

Economic Sanction

Answer 44

designed to limit or freeze a state’s trade, investments, or financing
Because of globalization it’s extremely hard to isolate a country this way

Question 45

diplomatic and political sanction

Answer 45

Designed to isolate and embarrass a state on a political level
Some people can’t be embarrassed

Question 46

cultural sanction

Answer 46

seek to limit cultural exchanges, tourism, sports, and other interactions with a sanctioned state
Ex: Cuba
Caused problems for the innocent Cubans

Question 47

consequences of sanctions

Answer 47

very costly for imposing countries and doing this can make it easier for the problem countries to justify “cracking down” on their people