Test 1 Flashcards
The 11 Systems of the body?
- Integumentary (skin)
- Skeletal
- Nervous
- Cardiovascular
- Endocrine (glands/hormones)
- Muscular
- Respiratory
- Reproductive
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Lymph/Immune
anatomical position?
Mountain pose with palms forward
Axial
head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
limbs/extremities
Anterior
towards the front
Posterior
towards the back
Distal
away from the trunk toward the fingers and toes
Proximal
towards the trunk away from the fingers and toes
Superficial
Towards the skin or outside
Deep
towards the inside or away from the skin
superior
up, Towards the top of the head
inferior
down or below, towards the feet
medial
towards the midline
lateral
away from the midline
flexion
A movement in a sagittal plane which takes a part of
the body forward from anatomical position.
Exceptions: knee flexion, dorsiflexion\
Extension
A movement in the sagittal plane which takes a part of
the body backward from anatomical position. Except:
knee extension and plantar flexion
abduction
A movement in a frontal plane which takes a
part of the body away from the median plane.
Adduction
A movement in a frontal plane which takes a
part of the body toward the median plane.
(Add it to your body- it comes “in” to you) (Second ½ of jumping jack)
Pronation
Hand faces back, opposite
anatomical position.
Supination
Hand faces forward
same as anatomical position.
Dorsiflexion
“flexing” the foot
Plantar Flexion
pointing the toes
Lateral Flexion or Side Bending
Axial spine motion in the frontal plane away
from anatomical position.
Gross anatomy
●Physical/Tangible ●Visible to the Naked Eye ●Palpable by All ●Larger Structures ●Organs, Parts and or Structures
Subtle anatomy
●Energetic ●Visible by Some ●Palpable by Some ●Chakras, Nadis, Gunas, Koshas
Function of the Skeletal System
Support: Structural Support for the entire body
Protection: Surrounds soft tissue- critical organs
Movement: Creates the levers for muscles to attach to and
move the body.
Mineral Homeostasis: Stores minerals and fats. Releases
calcium and phosphorus as needed.
Blood Cell Production: Bone Marrow produces red and
white blood cells.
Types of Bones
Long: Lever Arms and Major Source of Bone Marrow.
Short: Weight Bearing
Flat: Muscle Attachment, Stability, & Protection
Irregular: Diverse specific functions
Wolffs Law
Healthy bone adapts to physiological load which is applied
-changes in external state and internal architecture of bone
If loading increases bone with remodel to become stronger
if load decreases bone with become weaker as a response
What is a joint
The Junction or Union of two or more Bones in the Body.
Primary Function is to provide motion and flexibility to the body
frame.
Synarthrosis
joint
Essentially NO motion/Fibrous
Skull, Teeth
Ball and socket joints
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction,
Internal, and External Rotation
only joint that moves in all directions
Hip and Shoulder
function of a Synovial Joint
Joint designed for Motion
Joint Motion: Spreads fluid around keeping joint healthy and lubricated.
Motion is Lotion
Synovial Membrane
Releases Synovial Fluid
Synovial Fluid
Bathes joint with nutrients
Joint Capsule
Ligaments to provide joint stability
Cartilage
Protects the ends of bones and helps with smooth motion
Ellipsoid
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction
Wrist, Fingers
Saddle
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction
Thumb
Hinge
Flexion and Extension
Knee and Elbow
Pivot
Rotation
Head C1C2, Forearm
Gliding/ Plane
Flat Edges Meet
Up, Down, Left, Right Diagonally
How to protect the joints
Proper Warm-up
Engage your Muscles
Motion is Lotion
Alignment
Avoid Pushing Joint into End Ranges
balance Between Muscle Groups
Amphiarthrosis
joint
Slight/Minimal Motion, Connected by Cartilage or
Ligaments
Pubic, Vertebral Column
Diarthrosis
Synovial Joint,
Moves Freely
Shoulder, Hip, Knee, Elbow, Wrist, Ankle, etc
Ligaments
connect bone to bone and organs to bone
- Restrict joint motion
- Stabilize joint
- Nerve endings that help with joint proprioception
Lots of stretch
more stretch then tendons
Elastin= the stretchy stuff Collagen = the tough stuff
Low Vascularity: Low blood supply (They do not repair or heal easily.)
Sprain
injury of ligament
Strain
injury of tendon or muscle
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone and are not stretchy
transfer forces from muscle to bone to produce joint motion
makes the joint move
Concentric
Constant Muscle Shortening.
Eccentric
Controlled Lengthening.
controlled movement against gravity
movement of triceps on chateranga.
Isometric
Constant Length while muscle generates tension- bones do not
move.
Bones don’t move
Open Chain
distal ends not fixed
moving arms around in air
closed chain
distal end is fixed
arms against wall or floor
Fascia
Thick connective tissue that cover whole body and all the muscles, organs blood vessels. connects everything.
looks like spider web or sweater
helps with proprioception
what happens during warm up?
Redirects Blood to muscles
from organs
Increases muscle temp
Increases neural
conductivity (increases
firing speed of muscle)
Increases lung expansion
and capacity
Increases attention and
focus
Increases tissue elasticity
and decreases viscosity:
less brittle, more pliable.
Lengthening force directed
at muscle tissue
Increases strength and
Ischium
ischial tuberosities (sit bones)
Antagonist
Produces the Opposite Motion- Progressively
Relaxes to Produce Smooth Motion
coordination
Synergists
Assists and Fine Tunes the Motion (little helpers)
Fixators
Steady Proximal parts while motion is occurs at Distal Ends (Specific Synergists)
Homeostasis
balance
home= same stasis= state
stable equilibrium between interdependent elements
Mobility vs Stability
is a continuum in our bodies as well as everything else.
something is either mobil or stable
some parts meant to be mobile some stable. don’t make things what they are not meant to be.
honor what your body is supposed to do.
Long Bone main function
major source of bone marrow
short bone main function
Weight bearing
spine: Cervical Rotation
C1/atlas C2/axis
spine: Flexion/Extension
Cervical C3-C7
spine: Side Bending
Cervical C3-C7
Spinal Rotation
Thoracic
spine: Flexion/Extension
Lumbar
spine: Side Bending
Lumbar
order of the parts of the spine
7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar Sacrum (5 fused) Coccyx
C1/Atlas function
Supports the head
C2/Axis function
Rotates the head
What do the ribs attach to?
Thoracic Spine
What transmits the weight of the body to the pelvis?
sacrum
what puts the DISCS are greater risk
flexion or extension
Bone markings: Projections
for muscle and ligaments to attach to
bone markings: Depressions and openings
for blood vessels and nerves to pass
What do the ribs protect?
lungs and heart
why our spine is s shaped?
Shock absorption
where kyphosis curve?
thoracic spine
Where lordosis curve?
cervical and lumbar spine
same curve same motions
what is the safest position of pelvis and sacrum during twist?
neutral and in line
three types of muscles?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
skeletal muscle
Moves Bones and Structures- Voluntary
cardiac muscle
Moves Heart and Aorta- Involuntary
smooth muscle
Walls of vessels, moves substances through viscera, even
attached to hair follicles- Involuntary
is the sacrum part of the pelvis?
no
What are the prime moves of the abdominals
obliques
Transverse Abdominis function
Compresses the abdomen and tones abdominals and creates lift in the lower spine. DECOMPRESSES THE SPINE. major stabilizer of the spine. maintains lumbar curve. back bend stabilizer.
Uddiyana Bandha
Activation of the Lower Abdominals
Moola Bandha
Activation of the Pelvic Floor
SI where and function?
stabilization, symmetry, strength and length
where the sacrum and the ilium come together
pelvis is made up of what three bones?
Ilium (elephant ears)
Ischium or ischial tuberosities (bottom of loops/ sit bones)
Pubis (above loops)
ASIS
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (top front of elephant ears)
PSIS
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (top back of elephant ears)
parts of the vertebra
spinous process (middle point) transverse process (side points) vertebral body (big part with hole)
proprioception
the ability to know where your body is in space (without looking)
ligaments
fasia
snovial joint
where does the spinal twist come from?
thoracic spine
chief extender of the spine
erector spinae
goes all the way from the tail bone to the base of the neck
actions of the quadratus lumborum
Lateral flexion of vertebral column, with ipsilateral contraction.
(Closed Chain)
Extension of lumbar vertebral column, with bilateral contraction.
Fixes the 12th rib during forced expiration.
Elevates the Ilium (bone), with ipsilateral contraction. (Open Chain)
co stabilizers of the spine
transverse abdominus and multifidus (lil muscles on spine, mostly thoracic)
stretching is?
moving muscles in opposite direction from hoe it contracts
moving in two directions
psoas
trunk and hip flexion
Superficial Layer of spinal muscles
trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator Scapulae/ rhomboids
mostly moves arms
Intermediate Layer
Erector Spinae
Deep Layer
Multifidus: Stabilize vertebrae, assists local extension, and rotary
motions. A Co- stabilizer with transverse abdominus.
Interspinales: Extension and Rotation
Transversalis: Lateral Flexion, Stabilize vertebral column
Rotatores: Trunk Rotation
