Test #1 Flashcards
Various phases of the lifespan:
.Prenatal (conception to birth) Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth to 2) Early Childhood (2-6) Middle Childhood (6-11) Adolescence (11-18) Early Adulthood (18-40) Middle Adulthood (40-65) Late Adulthood (65+) Death
Prenatal phase:
Folic Acid helps the spinal cord. Single cell organism grows and multiplies. The fetus can hear and respond to stimuli
Infancy and Toddlerhood phase:
Developing personalities, very dependent of caregivers, tantrums. Show advances in language comprehension and self-awareness. Assertiveness kicks in and child becomes curious/wants to learn.
Early Childhood phase:
Preparatory phase. Steady growth and become better at coordination. Become more independent and develop a sense of right and wrong. Start making friends. School aged; structured classroom learning; theoretical and experimental behavior.
Middle Childhood phase:
Show improvements in ability to reason, remember and use arithmetic. Peers become more important. Growth slows. Industry phase; enhancing development.
Adolescence phase:
Physically and sexually mature. Discovering who they are apart from their parents. Rapid growth again. Who can I trust? Self-confidence. Pick people who they want as their friends.
Early Adulthood phase:
Many changes (moving out, college, careers, marriage). Healthy lifestyle choices are important as physical condition usually peaks in this phase. Connection with self and others; finding acceptance and who they are. Own sense of stability. Balance. Partner Life and child responsibilities.
Middle Adulthood phase:
Notice changes in vision, hearing, physical stamina. Family transitions. Stress arises from children becoming independent, assisting elderly parents. Phase of transition; maybe facing retirement.
Late Adulthood phase:
Slower reaction times. Less likely to form new friendships. Adjust to retirement and life after this, personal loss and impending death. Grandparents; we are organic machines.
Death phase:
A process that can be sudden or expected.
What does it mean to take an integrative approach to understanding development?
- Multiple perspectives; Considering multiple contexts and factors.
- Understanding how these factors and contexts combine.
Psychoanalytic theories:
- Freud’s psychosexual theory
- Ericsson’s psychosocial theory (stages of development)
What do psychoanalytic theories study?
Unconscious drives; things we cannot control
What does the Behaviorist & Social Learning theory examine?
Only behavior that can be observed and believe that all behavior is influenced by social and physical environment; what triggers us
Behaviorist & Social Learning theory:
- Classical conditioning: associate stimuli with physiological responses.
- Operant conditioning: Learn from the consequences of our behavior; punishment vs reward.
- Social learning: Based on the idea that we think and feel at the same time; emotions have an effect on behavior. We learn through observation of others.
What do Cognitive theories examine?
The role of thoughts on behavior
Piaget’s theory stages:
Sensorimotor (birth-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete Operation (7-12)
Formal Operations (12+)
Sensorimotor phase:
Infants understand the world around them through the information they take in through their senses and their actions on it.
Preoperational phase:
Young children can use mental symbols but do not think logically, and their thinking is egocentric.
Concrete Operation phase:
Now they think logically, but their thinking is concrete not abstract.
Formal Operation phase:
Adolescents can think both abstractly and logically.
-Information Processing Theory: Seek to understand the way people think by examining how they perceive, manipulate, store and recall sensory information
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory:
is important and how it is transmitted to other
generations. Beliefs, values, customs, and skills.
Brofenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems theory:
Development is impacted by the changing contexts in an individual’s life.
Sex determination:
The father determines the sex of the baby by donating either an x or a y. The 23rd chromosome is the sex of baby.