test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

hot and dry climate design

A

massive walls (time-lag effect), small windows, light colors

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2
Q

hot and humid climate design

A

MOVING AIR AND EVAPORATIVE COOLING:

large windows, large overhangs, shutters, light colored walls, high colored ceilings

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3
Q

mild overcast climates (PNW) design

A

open up to capture daylight: bay windows

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4
Q

cold climate design

A

HEAT RETENTION:

very compact, minimize surface to volume ratio, landforms, few windows, low ceilings

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5
Q

parasol roof

A

umbrella-like structure covering a building

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6
Q

sensible heat

A

measure of random molecular movement or heat - function of temperature and mass

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7
Q

latent heat

A

measure of heat in a change of state

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8
Q

heat of fusion (latent heat)

A

solid –> liquid

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9
Q

heat of vaporization (latent heat)

A

liquid –> gas

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10
Q

temperature

A

a measure of heat (energy)
freezing: 32F, 0C
boil: 212F, 100C
Absolute zero: 0K, -273C, -459F

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11
Q

BTU (british thermal unit)

A

heat required to elevation 1 pound of water 1F at 1atm

approx. 252 calories

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12
Q

calorie or Joule

A

heat required to elevate 1 gram of water 1C

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13
Q

Calorie

A

dietary calorie

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14
Q

evaporative cooling

A

cooling resulting from conversion of sensible heat into latent heat (heat of vaporization)

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15
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

law of conservation of energy - finite amount of energy in the universe, energy cannot be created or destroyed

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16
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

heat always moves from higher concentration to lower concentration

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17
Q

convection

A

heat transfer from movement of air

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18
Q

conduction

A

heat transfer from direct contact

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19
Q

radiation

A

heat based on electromagnetic radiation

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20
Q

conductivity

A

heat flow through 1sqft solid that is 1in thick

“k”

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21
Q

conductance

A

heat flow through 1sqft solid of a determined thickness

“C”

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22
Q

resistance

A

reciprocal of either conductivity “k” or conductance “C”
thermal resistance “R” tells effectiveness of thermal insulator
R (per inch) = 1/k or R (total) = 1/C
Greater “R” greater insulator

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23
Q

thermal transmittance

A

“U” - U = 1/ER (Heat flow coefficient)

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24
Q

mean radiant temperature

A

average temp of the radiant environment at a particular point in space
MRT = E (radiant temp)(angle of exposure)/360

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25
Q

specific heat

A

heat required to elevate a material 1 degree (mass)

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26
Q

heat capacity

A

heat required to elevate a material 1 degree (volumetric)

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27
Q

green house effect

A

building scale: short wave infrared enters building through glazing and re-radiates long-wave

global scale: transparent short wave infrared hits the earth and re-radiates long wave that is trapped by layers of greenhouse gases

28
Q

solar constant

A

the amount and composition solar radiation reaching the outer edge of the earths atmosphere

29
Q

axial tilt of the earth

A

23.5 degrees

30
Q

summer solstice and winter solstice

A

June 21 and December 21

31
Q

latitude of tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn

A

23.5 N and 23.5 S

32
Q

spring and fall equinox dates

A

march 21 and september 21

33
Q

altitude angle

A

vertical angle at which the suns rays strike the earth

alt angle = 90 degrees - latitude

34
Q

sky dome

A

summer solstice - highest and longest sun path
winter solstice - lowest and shortest sun path
equinox - middle

35
Q

azimuth

A

measured in a horizontal plane (from north south line)

36
Q

hypothermia

A

excessive heat loss

37
Q

hyperthermia

A

insufficient heat loss

38
Q

metabolic rate

A

to maintain thermal equilibrium, our bodies must lose heat at the same rate at which the metabolic rate produces

39
Q

conditions of thermal comfort

A

air temperature
humidity
air velocity
mean radiant temperature

40
Q

air temperature (thermal comfort)

A

68F in winter

78F in summer

41
Q

relative humidity (thermal comfort)

A

RH should be above 20% all year
below 60% in summer
below 80% in winter

42
Q

air velocity (thermal comfort)

A

20 - 60 feet per minute

43
Q

mean radiant temperature (thermal comfort)

A

average skin and clothing temp is around 85F

maintain MRT close to ambient air temp

44
Q

shifts in comfort zone

A

high MRT - down and to the left
high air velocity - up and to the right
increased physical activity - down to the left

45
Q

macroclimate

A

climatic region

46
Q

microclimate

A

a local climate differing from the climatic region it is in

47
Q

what affects a microclimate

A

elevation above sea level - steeper the slope the faster the temp will drop
form of land - south facing slopes are warmer
size, shape, and proximity of bodies of water
soil types
vegetation
man-made structures

48
Q

degree days

A

indicates the severity of winter and summer

49
Q

Heating Degree Days (HDDs)

A

more than 5500 HDD per year = long cold winter

less than 2000 HDD per year = mild winters

50
Q

Cooling Degree Days (CDDs)

A

more than 1500 per year = long hot summer

less than 500 = mild summers

51
Q

passive solar techniques on vernacular buildings

A

“salt box” - south facing windows, long roof on north side to deflect winter winds

52
Q

passive solar

A

system that collects, stores, and redistributes solar energy without use of fans, pumps, or controllers
use basic building elements such as windows, floors, walls, heat-radiating elements

53
Q

passive solar systems

A

direct gain
trombe wall
sun space

54
Q

direct gain system

A

south facing windows and thermal mass

55
Q

thermal storage (passive systems)

A

structural insulated panels, insulated masonry system, trombe wall

56
Q

sun space design

A

desired because of heating efficiency and amenities

slope of glazing, area of glazing, vent size, thermal mass size

57
Q

shading techniques on vernacular buildings

A

hot and humid climate: large windows (operable) and overhangs
types: verandah, balcony, loggia, gallery, arcade, engawa

58
Q

types of fixed shading devices

A
overhang
overhang (horizontal panels)
overhang (horizontal panels in vertical plane)
overhang (vertical panel)
vertical fins
slanted vertical fins
egg crate 
egg crate with slanted fins
59
Q

types of movable shading devices

A
awning
rotating horizontal louvers
rotating fins
egg crate - rotating horizontal louvers
plants
roller shade
60
Q

envelope dominated building

A

large surface area to volume ratio
affected by climate
tend to have longer overheated periods

61
Q

internally dominated building

A

compact, small surface area to volume ratio

large internal heat gain from machines, lights, people

62
Q

solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)

A

measure of how much solar radiation enters a window (measured between 0.0 - 1.0; 0.0 being no radiation through the window)

63
Q

types of passive cooling systems

A

comfort ventilation
night flash cooling
radiant cooling
evaporative cooling

64
Q

comfort ventilation

A

brings outdoor air, esp in daytime when temperatures are highest - air is passed directly over people to increase evaporative cooling on skin
uses operable windows (20%), attic fans

65
Q

radiant cooling

A

objects emit and absorb radiant energy - objects cool by radiation if the net flow is outward
clear skies, low humidity, one-story buildings

66
Q

evaporative cooling

A

draws a large amount of sensible heat from surroundings and converts into latent heat in form of water vapor