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Bio 12 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Refers to the permanent genetic change in population that occurs over successive generations. It doesn’t refer to changes occurring to …. within their own lifetimes. Populations evolve, not individuals.

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2
Q

Gene pool

A

?

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3
Q

Genome

A

the complete set of genes or genetic material that present in a cell or organism

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4
Q

Microevolution

A

Describes the small-scale changes within gene pools over generations (ie. changes within Canada, white pepper moths)

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5
Q

Macroevolution

A

Is the term used to describe large changes in form, as viewed on fossil record, involving whole groups of species and genera. (ie. Changes within the entire world, wolves to whales)

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6
Q

Paleontology:

A

The dating of fossils gives us some of the most direct evidence of evolution

  • Fossil
  • records
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7
Q

Comparative Anatomy:

A

The study of the morphology of different species shows trends in bone structure & function

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8
Q

Biogeography:

A

The study of geographic distributions can indicate where species may have originally arisen.
-Pangaea

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9
Q

Embryology:

A

The study of embryonic development in different organisms shows many trends in development of different species.
-Similarities among species

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10
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Selective breeding of plants & animals has shown that the phenotypic characteristics of species can change over generations as particular traits are selected in offspring.
-Dog breeds

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11
Q

Biochemistry

A

Similarities and differences in the biochemical makeup of organisms can closely parallel similarities and differences in appearance.

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12
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

Sequencing of DNA and proteins indicates the degree of relatedness between organisms

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13
Q

Overproduction:

A

More offspring are produced by an organism than can actually survive.

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14
Q

Competition

A

High birth rates cause a shortage of life’s necessities leading to competition between organisms

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15
Q

Variation

A

Each individual differs from all other members of its species, and some differ more than others. Evolution selects organisms that are best adapted to their environment at the time, therefore variations allow adaptation.

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16
Q

Adaptation

A

Allows organisms to become better suited to their environment

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17
Q

Natural Selection:

A

The most fit organisms survive and reproduce.

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18
Q

Speciation:

A

Formation of new species from ancestral species by means of natural selection.

19
Q

Tiktaalik

A

The first aquatic species to walk on land

20
Q

Behavioural Adaptations

A

Are the behavioural response a species has to their environment. Eg.) Polar bears hunting during winter when there is more access to food

21
Q

Structural Adaptations

A

Affects the shape or arrangement of physical features of an organism Eg.) The blowholes of whales are relocated nostrils, while the needles of a cactus are modified leaves to protect the plant and reduce water loss

22
Q

Physiological Adaptations:

A

When a species has a unique metabolic or physiological process that has adapted to suit the environment. Eg.) pesticide resistance insects

23
Q

Genetic Drift:

A

Is a random increase/ decrease in alleles often resulting from a small population. There are 2 types: Founder and Bottleneck Effect

24
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Occurs when a population undergoes a dramatic decrease in size often due to a weather event, human impact, disease, or predation.
Eg.) A typhoon that almost wiped out all humans on the island of Pingelap. 30 people survived and one carried a rare genetic mutation for color vision deficiency and today 10% of the island population has the disorder.

25
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Involves competition between males for mates, and the choices females make for mates. Male and female species usually look quite different, and this is called sexual dimorphism. Eg.) Males use combat (antlers) or visual displays (colorful feathers)

26
Q

Mutations

A

Introduce new alleles and variation into a population. The more genetic variation, the greater chance of a selective advantage in a changing environment.
Gene flow: Is the movement of alleles from one population to another through migration. Eg.) Zebra mussels moving to lakes

27
Q

Founder Effect

A

Occurs when the allele frequencies in a group of migrating individuals are, by chance, not the same as that of their population of origin. This occurs more frequently on islands cause of the small population. Eg.) Amish community in a part of Pennsylvania with very high rates of polydactylism

28
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Favours individuals with common phenotypes, and selects against those with extreme phenotypes

29
Q

Directional Selection

A

Favours individuals with rare phenotypes, selects against common phenotypes

30
Q

Disruptive/ Diversifying Selection

A

Leads to the formation of distinct subpopulations of organisms. Allele frequencies may mean that 2 groups can no longer interbreed.

31
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Humans ensure individuals with more desirable traits are allowed to reproduce. Humans pick which genes are passed down to the next generation. – Example of non-random mating

32
Q

Is evolution a theory, or law?

A
  • By definition, evolution is a theory because there are tons of embryological, morphological, & biochemical evidence that demonstrated modern organisms evolved from older ancestral organisms and species today are continuing to change over time.
  • theories are supported by larger bodies of evidence and experimentation theories are never proven into laws
  • Laws are generalizations of patterns that occur repeatedly and predictably in nature
33
Q

How have microorganisms evolved?

A

?

34
Q

How did Darwin formulate his theory of evolution by natural selection?

A
  • In 1831 the Beagle set sail with Darwin when he was 22. The Beagle travelled to many destinations. Darwin found fossils of Glyptodonts and noted that they closely resolved the prospect day South American armadillo, and questioned if the armadillo could have risen from the ancient Glyptodont. Darwin concluded that variations of different species uniquely adapt or specialize to their own island environments. He collected 13 different species of finches and realised that they were exclusively found on the Galapagos Islands. He learnt that the reason why the island had such a diversity of finches, was because each finch adapts to gathering certain types of foods based on the size and shape of their beaks.
35
Q

What made Darwin publish his findings?

A
  • Alfred Russell Wallace
    o He had similar ideas to Darwin based on observations in Indonesia
    o He sent Darwin a paper to review and so then Darwin released his theory
36
Q

What is Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection?

A
  • Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, which leads to competition
  • Variation is evident in populations & this is passed down to offspring
  • Individuals suited to the environment survive to produce more offspring
  • Change is slow and gradual
37
Q

Why was Darwin interested in the Galapagos Islands? Why were the islands so unique in terms of speciation?

A
  • The Galapagos Islands were so unique in terms of speciation because the islands supported very FEW species but each was highly diverse. And they closely resembled species from the West Coast and South America. These species interested him because he began to question whether or not they could change over time.
38
Q

What factors encouraged the evolution of Tiktaalik?

A

?

39
Q

What unique features did Tiktaalik have in terms of limb structure and breathing?

A

?

40
Q

What factors encouraged the evolution of Giraffes and B&W pepper moths?

A
  • Black pepper moths
    o They were originally white, which camouflaged them against the light-colored trees. But due to pollution during the industrial revolution, the trees where they rested became blackened by spoot and they stood out and due to predation they adapted and became dark.
41
Q

What does the term “fittest” mean in the phrase “survival of the fittest”?

A

?

42
Q

How can genetic variations in a gene pool be altered?

A
  • There are several factors that can increase or decrease allele frequencies in a population such as mutations, gene flow, natural selection.. etc.
43
Q

What are some of the major similarities/ differences between the skeletal structure of the rat, snake, and frog?

A

?

44
Q

How has evolution led to biodiversity by altering populations and not individuals?

A

?

Bio 12 (4 decks)

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