Test 1 Flashcards
Ontario is the _______ largest province (rank)
second
Southermost point of Ontario
middle island off Pelee Island
Northernmost Point of Ontario
Ontario-Manitoba Border
Highest Point of Ontario
Timiskaming District
Lowest point of Ontario
Hudson Bay shore
Describe our coat of arms
- green shield with maple leaves with banner of St. George
- green and gold colours
- bear, moose, deer
- “loyal she began, loyal she remains”
what motto is on the coat of arms
loyal she began loyal she remains
what does the green on the shield represent
land
what is the flag called and describe it
red ensign
- union jack and coat of arms
why are there the banner of st george on the coat of arms
to indicate close ties with britain
what is the current population of ontario
13 mill
what does ontario mean?
iroquois word for lake
“sparkling water”
“rocks standing by water”
what is toronto
native word meaning place of meeting
what are 2 predominant natural regions
Canadian shield and Interior Planes/Lowlands
What is the Canadian Shield?
made up of rocks, lakes, and forests
types of rocks in the canadian shield
igneous and metamorphic
how old is the canadian shield
1.5 - 3.5 byo
where did the rocks come from? (in the canadian shield)
high mountains eroded down to rocky ridges
How did the lakes in the canadian shield form?
thousands of lakes are the result of glaciation over million of years
- massive ice sheets scoured and gouged the earth = changing drainage patterns
- glaciers scraped the soil from the rocks
Describe the forests in the Canadian Shield
- covered in forest since the last ice age ended (15000 years ago in southern ontario, only 600 in northern quebec)
- land covered in thick borreal forest of coniferious trees
- Jack pine, balsam fir, white and black spruce
- trees continue north to treeline where trees dwindle and tundra begins
Describe the People in the Canadian Shields
except for foresty operations, mining, and native Canadian villages, few people penetrate this vast, rugged landscape
what is the third largest wetland in the world?
Hudson Bay Plains
Describe Hudson Bay Plains
vast sodden plain virtually unpopulated sparseley forested composed mostly of muskeg or peatlands water in the form of permafrost underlies much of the region
How are the the GL Lowlands and St. Lawrence lowlands divided?
by an arm of the Canadian Shield called the Frontenac Axis (kingston to lawrence river)
How was the St Lawrence Lowland created?
- rift valley: faults or crack in the Earth’s crust (hundred of mills years ago) split the valley which was then part of the Canadian shield. The floor of the valley fell, thereby creating the lowland
- high ocean levels allowed the Atlantic ocean to creep inwards as far as ottawa (after ice age), creating a very flat landscape
Describe the Great Lakes Lowlands
- Dominant feature is the Niagara Escarpment
- erosion has left a rocky ridge 30 to 50 metres above the surrounding area
- over 1000km long, stretching from NY state, across niagara falls, north to tobermory, then into michigan via Manitoulin Island
- predominately flat landscape - some glacial landforms remain
- prime agriculture land
- home to vast majority
- niagara fruit belt
Niagara Escarpment
- most famous part is Niagara Falls
- 1990: designated World Biosphere Reserve
how many lakes in ontario
approx quarter million
what are the 4 regions of forests
- hudson bay lowlands
- borreal forests
- great lakes - st lawrence
- decidious (southern ontario)
what percent of ontarios population live around the great lakes?
98%
Describe temperature in southern ontario
- moderate humid continental climate
- warm humid summers
- cold winters
- precipitation well distributed, peak in summer
describe temperature in northern ontario
- very cold (-40 common)
- not as much precipitation
What are the 3 major air sources:
- cold, dry, polar air from north
- pacific polar air passing over the prairies
- warm, moist, subtropical air from the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico
what do temperature and precipitation depend on?
latitude, proximity to water, terrain
Precipitation Trends in Ontario
general trend - increase from northwest to southeast
snow accumulation varies greatly across the province
Early Ontario - Native Peoples
- arrived about 10 000 years ago
- settlement patterns
- 60 000 - 117000 in the 1500s
European Settlers Timeline
1500: Orient
1600: Fur Trade
french and eng struggle for domination
1759: british vs french
1763: treaty of paris
1755: American revolution
1779: eng, scot, irish immigrants (want to stay loyal to monarchy)
1787: US ordinance develops lakes
1791: Upper Canada defined (15000 pop)
1812: Last military challenges for the lakes (upper canad pop 90000)
1867: CONFEDERATION!! (ontario, quebec, NS, NB)
what is captial of ontario
york (toronto)
capital of canada
ottawa
Population growth in early 1900s
population = 2mill, half is rural
When and where was Ford Motor Company manufactured?
1904, Windsor
what happened in 1906
niagara falls harnessed
- Ontario hydro electric commission
How many people immigrated to Canada in 1911-1913
1 mill people, most in Ontario
what percent of canada’s population is ontario?
38.5 percent, 13 mill people
official language and largest language minority?
english
- francophone (protected by constitutional provisions)
Immigration
- visible minorities are increasing (south asian, chinese, black)
- chinese most popular non official mother tongue
- more than 655000 immigrants settled in Ontario between 2009 and 2013
- represents about 1/3 of those to immigrated to Canada during that period
Golden Horseshoe
- most populous and most heavily urbanized region in Canada and one of the fastest growing regions in North America
- 8.1 mill people (2/3 of ontario, 1/4 of Canada)
- forecasted population in 2031 = 11.5 mill
Aborginal Peoples of Ontario
1/6 lived on reserves in 2011, down from 1/5 in 2006
- younger than rest of canada
- age distribution mimic third world countries ?
- not many older populations (33% aged 19 and under)
What is sprawl
the spreading out of a city and its suburbs over more and more rural land at the periphery of an urban area
characteristics of sprawl
- high volumes of traffic
- scattering of businesses, shops, homes
- inadequate public transportation
- pedestrian unfriendly streets
- zoning that divides neighbourhoods from officies, shops and restaurants
- parking lots that push buildings back and farther away from each other
Sprawl in Ontario
- at current rate, addition 260000 acres of rural land will be urbanized by 2031 (double size toronto)
- 92% of that land is ontario’s best farmland
what is the rate of growth in the golden horseshoe?
115000 ppl per year
- in 15 years, will be 3rd largest urban region in NA after NY and LA
Does growth pay for growth?
low density = high cost - infrastructure costs other externalities: - illnesses - time lost - traffic accidents - noise - economic costs of climate change
Used to think growth would always pay for itself if not provide extra; Actual: OPPOSITE
Growth in areas outside of good places cost more -> electricity, sewer, road services, etc.
Household Costs of Sprawl
Savings:
- cheaper land is further from city centre
Costs:
- increased property taxes due to maintenance
- extra transportation costs since all trips require car
- time spent driving
Drawbacks of Sprawl - Consuming Precious Land
- land is finite
- land used for urban development often prime agriculture land
- open land also preserves habitat and absorbs rain
Drawbacks of Sprawl - Public Health
- millions of vehicles = billion of litres of gas used
- emit pollution
- 16 000 premature deaths per year in Canada
- air pollution costs over $1 bill per year
Sprawl - Climate Change
- Burning fossil fuels = GHG emissions
- current impacts:
- permafrost thaw
- accelerated coastal erosion
- increasing severity of storms and droughts
- future impacts
Sprawl - Energy
- sprawl requires abundant energy
- sprawl requires cheap energy
- suburbs will become much more expensive
Sprawl - Water Quality and Quantity
- cleaning forest and agricultural cover increases runoff
- storm sewers gather oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from pavement and deposits them in rivers and lakes
Sprawl - Wildlife
- expansion into woodlands and wetlands destroys habitat
- primary threat to woodlands and wetlands remaining near Canada’s cities
Sprawl - Aesthetics and Quality of Life
- Absence of a “sense of place”
- social loss – isolation, lack of connectivity, lack of engagement
- those who cannot drive (poor, elderly, young) are left behind
what is smart growth?
an attempt to make urban development a positive force for the long term health of the economy, society, and the environment
Principles of Smart Growth
- preserve greenspace and farmland
- integrate land-use and transportation planning
- make full use of existing urban land and infrastructure
- mix land uses
- provide a variety of transportation
- compact building design
- range of housing opportunities
- invite walking and bicycling
- communities with strong sense of place
Levels of Economic Activity
- primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Primary Economic Activity
extraction of raw materials
secondary economic activity
conversion into products (adding value)
tertiary economic activity
provision of services
quaternary economic activity
hard to differentiate from tertiary
collection, processing, and distribution of information
Historical developments of agriculture
Historical Development:
- immigrants
- lakes and Canals for export
- Grist mills along rivers
- local consumption increased as population grew
Agriculture in Current Ontario
- mostly in Southern Ontario
- leads canada in total values of farms produce
- 1/4 of canadas farms
- first in total number of farms in Canada
- 9.0 mill acres of cropland in Ontario in 2006
- over 200 commodities (very diverse)
Things to consider about Agriculture
- risk of economic disaster
- Too much rain/ not enough rain — risk of weather (environmental change)
- Trying to get stuff across the border for other people depends on subsidies and tariffs (beyond farmers control)
- Increasing regulation on tobacco for example (government regulation) — risks!
Changes in Landscape than affect population
- rapid and large-scale clearing of land
- loss of soil
- altered flow of rivers
- fish habitats destroyed
- flood plains
- pollution
When did Commericial Fisheries begin
1820
what rate did commericial fisheries expand
20% per year
when were the largest harvests for commericial fishery?
1889 - 1899
What happened with the fishing industry in late 1950s?
- golden days over
- province set annual quotas and issues liscenses
Which fishery has 80% of value?
Lake Eries Fishery (yellow perch and walleye)
How many active commercial fishing liscences in ontario?
more than 500
how many tonnes of fish caught in 2011?
12 000
how much did fishing contribute to canada’s economy?
$234 mill
- hauled in a catch with a dockside value of more than 33 mill.
Forestry - Historical Development
- early logging to clear land
- paper making began slowly, now world leaders
- loss of resource
- water and land pollution
when did commercial logging begin
1830s
how much of ontarios land is forests?
- 80% of ontario’s area (85 bill trees)
forestry in ontario today
- many towns have atleast one forest industry
- 80% of forest owned by the province
- 9% is in parks
- volatile industry
value of forestry sector products in 2011 and was was majority of products
$14 bill
- majority was pulp and paper products ($8 bill)
how many jobs does forestry support in Ontario?
200 000 in over 260 communities (40 highly dependent, 63 moderatley dependent)
Mining in Ontario
- Canadian Shield and Far North
- very important, multi bill dollar industry
- some ores in decline, other growing
- Northern Ontario– boom and bust
- some neg. environmental impact
Which Ontario town is a “mining town”
Sudbury
which minerals are mined?
- nickel, gold, silver, copper, zinc, platinum
- salt, gypsum, talc, calcium carbonate, nepheline syenite and other industrial minerals
how many mine sites operating in Ontario
more than 40
when did the first diamond mine open in ontario?
2008
What product does ontario lead in terms of mineral production? (2013)
non fuel mineral production (23%)
- nickel (34) , gold (55) , copper (25), platinum (64)
Ontario’s contribution to Canada’s structural materials production in 2009 (tbh dont think this is that important)
- clay products 72%
- cement 42%
- stone 40%
- sand and gravel 35%
Energy in Ontario
hydro (20.4% of electricity) coal (8.3%) nuclear (55%) natural gas (13.6%) other (2.7%)
Over half comes from nuclear power – coal and natural gas adds to emissions which cause global warming
Industry and Manufacturing in Ontario
52% of all manufactured goods in Ontario
- competitive advantages
- automobiles
- move toward hi-tech
- diversity
- in decline
Why did Ontario evolve to become Canada’s economic base
- reliable resources – market - competitive resources – excellent transportation routes – educated workforce – competitive geographic advantages -- doing it for over a hundred years (ford in windsor in 1904)
why is there a decline in manufacturing?
Decline (relative to the rest of the economy NOT OVERALL) (secondary has moved to US Mexico) – more growth in tertiary sector because shift to technology in secondary
how much did ontario companies export to the US in 2012?
more than $126 bill in products
- daily total two way trade in goods between Ontario and the US was valued at over $800 million
what was the daily total of two way trade in good between ontario and US?
800 million
what was ontarios total international trade per day
900 mill per day
Automobile Industry - Vehicle Assembly
- home to five of the worlds top automakers
- produce more vehicles than other North American jurisdiction every year for 10 years (except 2013)
- produced 2.37 mill vehicles last year (vs 2.45 mill a year)
What is Ontario Planning on doing with its waste?
Want to grow wind, solar – hudson bay, we do have a huge untapped source but there is no appetite to build big dams for hydro electricity
Tertiary and Quaternary Sectors
Growing very fast - Educated work force – stable environment – diversity – lots of people – able to participate – international – service provided
GDP of Ontario
Ontario is Canada’s most productive province
$ 559 billion
39% of the GDP
- when oil price high, we contribute less because ontario has no oil
-
Economic Trends
- Primary and secondary activities giving way to tertiary and quaternary sectors
- Industrial to post-industrial economy
- ups and downs similar to global trends
- related to US dollar
- more growth and stability
Does Trump support Free Trade? Why or Why not?
Trump is not in favor in free trade – Fear america is not benefiting from free trade (this has been benefiting Ontario!) closing the market will be a problem for us and America
Canadian vs US dollar
Canadian dollar is 80 cents US, it has been as low as 63 and as high as 1.05 … we want canadian dollar to be low – makes our goods seem cheaper – don’t want it really low otherwise we wont be able to purchase anything!
What is the Heartland - Hinterland system model?
provides a framework for examining, at various geographic scales, the movement of people, goods and services, investment capital, and technology from one region to another
Heartland Characteristics
- small land area
- high concentration of population
- highly urbanized population
- corporate control
- secondary, tertiary, and quaternary activities dominate
- industrial core
- cities with diversified economies
- good physical qualities
- access to markets
- well integrated system of cities
- capacity for innovation and change
- economic, social, and political power
Hinterland Characterisitcs
- the rest (what ever is not heartland)
- low concentration of population
- scattered population
- more rural population
- lower incomes
- primary activities dominate
- produce few finished goods
- towns with specialized economies
- more unemployment
- lower market potential
- weakly integrated urban systems
- limited innovative capacity
- limited political power
- dependency upon heartland
Heartland Process - End Result
- allocation of power to the heartland and the creation of a dependency relationship
Heartland Process
- growth process that is self sustaining
- threshold population
- economies of scale (greater quantity = lower cost per product)
- growth attracts more growth (easier to grow when everything is already there)
- economies of agglomeration (attractive experience; applies to sellers within close proximity selling similar but DIFFERENT products)
- demand for staple commodities
- purchase resources from hinterland
- government transfers
- cultural transfers
what does heartland provide hinterland with?
capital, labour, technology, entrepreneurship, etc.
Windsor - Quebec Axis
most densely populated and industrialized region of canada
Ontario as a Heartland (1945 - 1970)
- Ontario prospered - diverse economy & power
- Economic management of Canada linked to Ontario
- Ontario supported strong federal government
- Preserved central role by blocking attempts by other provinces to gather more powers
- In favour of NAFTA
Ontario as a Heartland (1970)
Rifts with the rest of Canada Are our interests compatible? Heartland - not strong enough term Ontario prominent on a continental scale Ontario needs a more continental orientation?
How many consumers for Ontario
165 mill
Ontario is third in north america, for________, after (city) and (city)
number of Foreign direct investment (FDI) projects (it is a hub for global business)
NY and California
According to Forbes, Ontario has recieved top rankings i:
4 things
- destination for FDI in North America
- job creation
- tax reform
- health care
Federal Goverment of Canada
- representation by popualtion
- 308 seats, 106 go to Ontario (recently got more due to growth)
- quebec also got more but for political reasons not growth
Ontario in Confederation
- Geographically we are in the middle
- More people – solid population growth
- Lots of economic opportunity; diverse economy
- political power (more seats than everyone else)
- Good connection with fed government because we elect so many of them
- More connection with US than almost everyone (our entire economy) – 85% of cars we build are for export (mostly america)
- Alberta also has good connection with US but it is based on only one industry
why doesnt Ontario qualify as a region?
- Regions have an ISSUE about not being treated fairly – not applied to Ontario Geographic Situation - already centre Population - good growth Economy - growing Political Power - most power Connection with Federal Government - good b/c most power Connection with other Provinces Connection with U.S.
what mkaes a region?
- underpinnings: geographic proximity; economic/ political, fiscal, cultural
- “regions of the mind”: imagined communities, regional identity
- regional discontent: regional discontentment must be mobilized
“Region- State”
- Courchene and Telmer
- Ontario as a Region-State
Why? - Globalization (can trade with whomever)
- move to an information economy (information has no boundaries)
- fiscal decentralization in Canada
Characteristics of “Region-State”
- Outwardly/internationally oriented economy (Great Lakes economy)
- Government and policy activity to develop that economy
- Appropriate scale and size to be natural business unit (Ontario vs. Golden Horseshoe)
Implications of Ontario as Region-State
- Policies to enhance Ontario’s ability to compete in NA & global marketplace
- NA & global marketplace influence Ontario’s policies
- Canada less a single E-W economy
- More a series of N-S economies
- Every change by America, impacts us (vice versa) we need them, they need us
- Not a lot of trade barriers in Canada
- Single market
- Free trade among provinces
- Applies to most things, some exceptions (wine)
Challenge if Ontario as a Region- State
- to maintain east-west social, economic, and political union in face of north-south trading nexus
Ontarios Relationship with US
- Don’t want to admit that we are very hyperconnected to America
- Ontario is Canada’s heartland – massive American market
- What happens if we became unpopular and the border became thicker again
- What if american economy crashes – how are we affected
- Without America we would be as strong of a province (so disproportionate)
- Pros and cons of ontarios relationship with America
- Defied american gravity for 120 years but now we don’t seem to be doing that
What does it mean if we didn’t have american pull?
What is NAFTA
- a comprehensive trade agreement that sets the rules of trade and investment between Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
- has systematically eliminated most tariff and non-tariff barriers to free trade and investment between the three NAFTA countries.
