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CRITICAL THINKING > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Critical Thinking

A

System evaluation of beliefs by rational standards

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2
Q

Arguments

A

Group of statements, support conclusion. String of assertions

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3
Q

Premise

A

Statement given in support of conclusion in argument

For, since, because

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4
Q

Conclusion

A

Statement that premises support in argument

So, therefore, thus

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5
Q

Inference

A

Process of moving from premises to conclusion

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6
Q

Explanation

A

Statements intended to tell why/how something is the case

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7
Q

Assertion

A

Truth-apt
Express proposition= way world MAY be
Building blocks of arguments

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8
Q

Conditional proposition

A

If p then q

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9
Q

Negation

A

Not p

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10
Q

Conjunction

A

P and Q

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11
Q

Disjunction

A

P or Q

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12
Q

Sentence types

A

Statements and assertions
Questions
Imperatives and commands
Exclamations

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13
Q

When 2 premises are true

A

Conclusion follows necessarily

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14
Q

Deductive arguments

A

Argument intended to provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion
Truth preserving

Valid or invalid

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15
Q

Validity

A

Follows formal logic, succeeds in providing conclusive support for conclusion

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16
Q

Soundedness

A

True premises and valid logic

Guarantees truth of conclusion

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17
Q

Inductive argument

A

An argument in which premises are intended to provide probable
Not truth preserving

Generalize in basis of our experience

Strong

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18
Q

Abductive argument

A

Inference to best explanation (IBE)

Observation premise and then consider best explanation

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19
Q

Strong

A

Succeeds in providing probable, but not conclusive

Support for its conclusion

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20
Q

Weak

A

An inductive argument that fails to provide strong support for its conclusion

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21
Q

Cogent

A

Strong inductive argument with all true premises

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22
Q

Explanation vs argument

A

Why x is the case vs. Whether X is the case

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23
Q

Why use inductive and abductive reasoning?

A

Ampliative forms of reasoning. Add new info

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24
Q

Antecedent

A

First part of conditional statement

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25
Q

Consequent

A

Second part of conditional statement

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26
Q

Modus ponens

A

Affirming the antecedent

If p then q
P
Therefore q

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27
Q

Modus tollens

A

Denying the consequent

If p then q
Not q
Therefore not p

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28
Q

Hypothetical syllogism

A

Valid argument made up of three hypothetical/conditional statements

If p then q
If q then r
Therefore is p then r

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29
Q

Syllogism

A

deductive arguments made up of three statements: 2 premises and 1 conclusion

30
Q

Two types of valid

A

Denying antecedents

Affirming consequent

31
Q

Disjunctive syllogism

A

Either p or q
Not p
Therefore q

32
Q

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

A

Use the fact that Y followed X to establish that X caused Y

33
Q

Diagramming arguments

A 
Premises boxed 
Conclusion circled 
Arrows to indicate support
Sub conclusion as box and circle
Underline premises that lead to conclusion
34
Q

Independent premise

A

Doesn’t rely on support of other premises

35
Q

Dependent premise

A

Depends on other premises

36
Q

Motivated belief

A

Belief formed bc resonates with our desires

37
Q

Obstacles to human reasoning

A

Motivated belief
Social pressures
Optimism bias
Lousy mental design

38
Q

What to do to avoid self interest issues

A

Outsourcing
Critical conversations
Engineering environment

39
Q

Descriptive

A

Describe the way the world is

40
Q

Evaluative

A

say something about what’s valuable

41
Q

Normative

A

Say what SHOULD be

42
Q

Nihilism

A

Say there aren’t facts so don’t believe

43
Q

Subjective realism

A

Truth depends solely on what someone believes

Self defeating if generalized
Each of us would be infallible

44
Q

Skepticism

A

No knowledge about domain

45
Q

Social relativism

A

View that truth is relative to societies

46
Q

Philosophical skepticism

A

Doctrine that we know much less than we think we do

47
Q

Conflicting claims

A

If conflicts with claim we accept

Reason to doubt

48
Q

Background information

A

Large collection of well supported beliefs that we rely on- if claim conflicts with background then reason to doubt

49
Q

Expert

A

Someone more knowledgeable in area than most

If claim conflict then reason to doubt

If experts conflict then suspend judgement

50
Q

Personal experience

A

Reasonable to accept evidence of personal experience if no reason to doubt

51
Q

Common mistakes when evaluating claims

A
  1. Resisting contrary evidence
  2. Looking for confirming evidence
  3. Preferring available evidence
52
Q

Fallacies

A

Argument form that is both common and defective
Recurring mistake in reasoning

2 types

53
Q

2 types of fallacies

A
  1. Irrelevant premises

2. Unacceptable premises

54
Q

Genetic fallacy

A

Irrelevant premises

Arg is true or false solely based on its origin, unreliable source

55
Q

Ad hominem

A

Irrelevant premises
Appeal to person

Reject claim by criticizing person who makes it
Mentions and attacks origins

56
Q

Tu quoque

A

Type of ad hominem
Irrelevant premises

Accused speaker of hypocrisy, reject claim on that basis

57
Q

Fallacy of composition

A

Irrelevant premises

Arguing what’s true of parts is true of whole

58
Q

Fallacy of division

A

Irrelevant premises

Arguing what’s true of whole is true of parts

59
Q

Fallacy of equivocation

A

Irrelevant premises

Use word multiple times in different senses

60
Q

Appeal to popularity/common practice

A

Irrelevant premises

Arguing claim must be true because substantial # of people believe it, what people generally do

61
Q

Appeal to tradition

A

Irrelevant premises

Argument claims must be true because it’s part of tradition

62
Q

Appeal to ignorance

A

Irrelevant premises

Lack of evidence proves something

Thinking claim true bc not shown false or argue claim false bc not proven true

63
Q

Burden of proof

A

Weight of evidence/argument required by one side in disagreement

64
Q

Appeal of emotion

A

Irrelevant premises

Fallacy of using emotions in place of relevant reasons as premises

65
Q

Red herring

A

Irrelevant premises

Deliberately raising irrelevant issue/premise to push conclusion

66
Q

Straw man

A

Irrelevant premises

Distorting, weakening, oversimplying someone’s position so it can be more easily attacked

67
Q

Begging the question

A

Unacceptable premises

Establish conclusion by using conclusion as premise

68
Q

False dilemma

A

Unacceptable premises

Asserting there are only two options or options aren’t mutually exclusive

69
Q

Slippery slope

A

Unacceptable premises

Arguing without reason that taking particular step will cause sequence of steps

70
Q

Hasty generalization

A

Unacceptable premises

Drawing conclusion about target group on too smalll sample

71
Q

Faulty analogy

A

Unacceptable premises

Analogy doesn’t fit the context

CRITICAL THINKING (1 decks)

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