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Health Care Ethics > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the claim that there are no objective moral principles

A

Relativism

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2
Q

what’s wrong with relativism?

A

wrong because - any behavior could be justified as morally right
right and wrong questions could be answered with opinion

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3
Q

Morality is based on the outcomes

Utilitarianism is a type of it

A

Consequentialism

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4
Q

Morality is based on duties/obligations/principals

A

Deontology

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5
Q

difference between consequentialism and deontology

A

deontology is based on duties/obligations rather than consequences

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6
Q

How you become a better person - wisdom, courage, compassion

A

Virtue Ethics

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7
Q

Suggests that moral emotions such as care and empathy should be included in considerations about right actions

A

Ethics of Care

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8
Q

How is Ethics of Care applied?

A

applied by acknowledging emotions and allowing them to play a role in ethical decision making

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9
Q

Distinction: motivation for action versus justification for action feelings often conflict

A

Follow your feeling

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10
Q

Distinction: motivation for action versus justification for action feelings often conflict.
Conscience

A

Follow your feeling

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11
Q

Connection between law and morality. Law is based on ethics, but not always right.

A

Obeying the Law

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12
Q

trying to come up with a way of right and wrong with starting with human nature. What is human nature and what are the positive aspects of human nature?

A

Natural Law Theory

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13
Q

Distinction between origin of beliefs vs justification of beliefs

A

Following your religious beliefs

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14
Q

Not the way nature intended

-appeals to what is ‘natural’ are often used ambiguously and arbitrarily

A

Avoiding the unnatural

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15
Q

Codes of ethics come from committees of people that gather to make a consensus about ethics
Codes of ethics are an important guide but blindly following a code of ethic will not justify your actions

A

Follow your professional code of ethics

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16
Q

People get in a habit of not doing whats right

  • just because everyone does it doesn’t justify it
  • personal responsibility requires you to critically evaluate normal practices to ensure that they are morally justified
A

Doing what everyone else is doing

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17
Q

Idea of people controlling their own lives or making their own decisions.
Comes out of human dignity - individuals have a right to make their own choices

A

Autonomy

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18
Q

Truth telling: A virtue that refers to integrity, which is achieved by the embodiment of loyalty, fairness, truthfulness, advocacy, and dedication that is motivated by an underlying principle of care.

A

Fidelity

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19
Q

Truth telling: being honest

A

Veracity

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20
Q

Shouldn’t share other people information, not ethical. Responsibility as a health care provider.
Cannot talk to any other health care provider if they are not related with the case unless there is permission by the patient

A

Confidentiality

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21
Q

Individuals right to control their own information

A

Privacy

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22
Q

helps others, bring about good, benefit people
This is a duty to act/intervene/help
The basic principle of health care, to help them function and improve their health

A

Beneficence

23
Q

duty to avoid harm

ex. CPR example - could do more harm than good if the patient has fragile bones)
ex. stopping medication that is harmful

A

Nonmaleficence

24
Q

In Health care, this is often understood in terms of fair distribution (doing the right thing)
Fair doesn’t necessarily mean equal…

A

Justice

25
Q

People in positions of authority restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those who are lesser then them.

A

Paternalism

26
Q

How does paternalism relate to health care

A

Doctors know best.

Practiced years ago because clinicians would make decisions for patient

27
Q

Patient chooses to partake in it by saying they want it or in an advance directive and life sustaining treatment is withdrawn to let them die “naturally”
The patient explicitly chooses it.

A

Voluntary passive euthanasia

28
Q

Not directly from the patient. the patient cannot say what they want.
Someone else makes the choice on the patient’s behalf to withdraw life sustaining treatment and let underlying disease take its course.

A

Non-voluntary passive euthanasia

29
Q

Patient requests to have another person actively take their life
Another person does something to end the patient’s life
Illegal

A

Voluntary Active Euthanasia

30
Q

Someone else making the choice on the patient’s behalf to actively kill them
Illegal

A

Non-voluntary Active Euthanasia

31
Q

Doctor provide a prescription - patient has to take a medication and administer it themselves. already terminally ill

A

Physician aid in dying

32
Q

Evaluating a choice based on your reason for doing something.
If you give too much pain meds with the intent to end suffering, it’s seen as moral. But if you give too much pain meds with the intent to kill, it’s seen as immoral

A

Principle of Double Effect

33
Q

Generally inform others of your choices in various health care situations. Telling them your wishes/what you want ahead of time.

A

Advanced Directive

34
Q

DNR

A

Do Not Resuscitate

35
Q

DNI

A

Do Not Intubate

36
Q

Instructions regarding medical care for the principal in certain specific situations
Applies only while the principal is still living

A

Living Will

37
Q

Way of expressing ahead of time what you would want under certain circumstances

A written statement that describes the type of care desired when the principal (a.k.a. “declarant”) is suffering from a terminal illness or is in a persistent vegetative state

A

Living Will

38
Q

Instructions regarding what happens to the principal’s estate, minor children, etc.
Applies after the principal’s death

A

Last Will and Testament

39
Q

Name of the person receiving the power;
Explanation of powers, duties, and responsibilities that are being given that person;
Designation of how long the person will have that authority;
Notarized signature of the person giving the power

A

Power of Attorney

40
Q

lasts beyond the disability or incapacity of the principal, however is still terminated with the death of the principal.

A

Durable power of attorney

41
Q

Must be a durable power of attorney. These go into effect when the principal is no longer capable of making her or his own health care decisions.

A

Durable power of attorney for health care

42
Q

Required to make decisions according to the principal’s will and must make decisions consistent with the lifestyle of the person & must understand the principal’s values and wishes and be willing to act on them.

A

Attorney in fact

43
Q

POLST

A

Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment

44
Q

This approach emphasizes communication and shared decision-making between physician and patient & only applies when the patient has a serious illness.

A

POLST

45
Q

Ethical considerations that underlie the focus on informed consent in healthcare

A

It is based on autonomy, the patients have the final say
Informed - acknowledges and respects the human capacity to reason
Consent - acknowledges and respects the human capacity for free will

46
Q

What led to the shift in healthcare from a focus on beneficent paternalism to a focus on individual rights?

A

Focus on individual rights shifted peoples thoughts. Advances in technology brought up questions, cultural shift between individualism and individual rights in health care, self-determination act, acknowledging that right gave people a lot more power

47
Q

What is the role of shared decision-making in informed consent?

A

Shared decision making is when both physicians and patients make active and essential contributions.

48
Q

What are the contributions of each party in shared medical decision-making?

A

Physicians bring their medical training, knowledge, and expertise- including an understanding of the available treatment alternatives-to the diagnosis and management of patients’ conditions. Patients bring a knowledge of their own subjective aims and values, through which the risks and benefits of various treatment options can be evaluated.

49
Q

Difference between decision making and competence

A

Competence is a legal finding that is determined by court

Decision making is ability of the person to make choices

50
Q

Difference between decision making and competence

A

Competence is a legal finding that is determined by court

51
Q

Ethical principles support the push for advance directives

A

Autonomy- give people the ability to make their own decisions about their life up until the end.

52
Q

the patient is fully entitled, but not required to take and active role in decision making regarding treatment with understanding sufficient information to make a settled choice. person considers effects on others

A

principled autonomy

53
Q

right to act on one’s own judgment about matters affecting one’s life, without interference by others

A

Individualistic autonomy

Health Care Ethics (1 decks)

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