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NURS 210 Growth and Development > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the four characteristics of development

A
  • Lifelong
  • Multidirectional and multidimensional
  • Plastic
  • Influenced by multiple, interacting forces
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2
Q

Discuss different research approaches to G & D

A
  • Observation (questionnaires etc.)
  • Experimentation
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3
Q

Differentiate between cross-sectional, longitudinal and cross-sequential design methods.

A
  • Cross sectional: different groups at a specific point in time
  • Cross sequential: Looking at something cross sectional and longitudinally
  • Longitudinal: same group over a long period of time
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4
Q

Discuss how the major conflicts shape Freud’s psychosexual stages.

A
  • Psychoanalysis
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5
Q

Describe how crisis formed Erikson’s psychosocial theory.

A
  • Psychosocial - “something vs. something”
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6
Q

Differentiate between the behavioral theories of classic and operant (Skinner/Watson) conditioning.

A
  • Behaviorists believed we could use reinforcers to promote behavior
  • Classical conditioning: stimulus-response
  • Operant conditioning: reinforcers and punishment
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7
Q

Describe what is meant by Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.

A
  • Our abilities are tied to our brain growth
  • We are only able to learn certain concepts at certain ages (developmental milestones)
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8
Q

Normative transitions

A

Happens to everyone at a specific time (ie. starting kindergarten)

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9
Q

Non-normative transitions

A

Things we do not expect everyone to go through (ie. natural disaster, death in the family, etc.)

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10
Q

Cohort

A

A group of people who were born around the same time

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11
Q

Socioeconomic status

A
  • Income, educational levels
  • Affords different opportunities, education, nutrition, etc
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12
Q

Differentiate between genetics and genomics.

A
  • Genetics: the study of our inheritable traits
  • Genomics: the things that influence our genes (environmental factors that influence gene expression)
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13
Q

Differentiate between the male and female reproductive systems.

A
  • Men need to be sensitive to temperature (which is why their anatomy is on the outside), because they need to make sperm
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14
Q

Differentiate between monzygotic and dizygotic twins.

A
  • Monozygotic: identical twins – one egg that splits in two
  • Dizygotic: two eggs released and fertilized at the same time (two sets of DNA, two sacs, two placentas etc)
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15
Q

Teratogen

A

Something harmful that can change the growth of a fetal structure

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16
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A
  • Due to disruptions in reproduction, not environment
  • Could be influenced by maternal age
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17
Q

Genetic disorders

A

Hereditary disorder passed through the genes (two recessive genes may lead to an expression of a genetic disorder)

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18
Q

Identify the most common methods of post-conception testing.

A
  • Amniosynthesis: amniotic fluid sample
  • Chorionic villas sampling: taking a piece of the placenta
  • Ultrasound
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19
Q

Provide a brief overview of the phases of pregnancy (1st – 3rd trimester).

A

First trimester: months 1-3 (morning sickness)

Second trimester: months 4-6 (woman looks pregnant, quickening begins)

Third trimester: months 7-9

20
Q

Provide an overview of germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages

A

Germinal: weeks one and two (zygote become blastocysts and implants in uterus)

Embryonic: Weeks 3-8 (major organs and structures)

Fetal: Weeks 9-39 (massive growth and brain development)

21
Q

Explain the four basic teratogenic principles.

A
  • Dose (how much)
  • Duration (how long)
  • Timing (which period)
  • Genetic make-up (susceptibility)
22
Q

Identify sensitive periods of fetal development

A
23
Q

Discuss the role of HCG in post-conception testing.

A

Hormone comes out in urine – indication of pregnancy

24
Q

Discuss the importance of age of viability.

A

22 weeks - baby can (hypothetically) survive outside the womb

25
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg (happen before implantation)

26
Q

Blastocyst

A

cell has started to divide to about 100 cells – differentiation can begin (happen before implantation)

27
Q

Sensitive period

A

A period of rapid and very important development

28
Q

Describe the stages of labor

A
  • Dilation and effacement of the cervix
  • Transition
  • Pushing
  • Birth
29
Q

What is the APGAR test?

A

A ctivity

P ulse

G rimace

A ppearance

R espiration

30
Q

Gamete

A

Haploid cells (contain half the genetic material)

31
Q

Quickening

A

First movement (week 18)

32
Q

Crowning

A

When we can see the head

33
Q

Episiotomy

A

Tearing of the vagina

34
Q

Describe basic reflexes of newborns.

A

Indicate neurological function

  • Sucking
  • Palmar
  • Plantar
  • Babinski
  • Moro (flailing of the arms and grasping)
  • Rooting (turning to suck upon stimulation of the cheek)
  • Stepping reflex
35
Q

Identify sequence or patterns in normal development.

A
  • Proximaldistal
  • Cephalocaudal
  • Mass to specific
36
Q

Colic

A

The awareness of digestion (not influenced by breastfeeding)

37
Q

Food insecurity

A

Being unaware of where your next meal is coming from

38
Q

SIDS

A

Sudden infant death syndrome

  • Related to a weak respiratory system and airway and immature chemoreceptors
39
Q

What is the last sense to develop?

A

Sight

40
Q

Describe basic emotions of infants and toddlers.

A

Newborns

  • Pain
  • Pleasure
  • Anger
  • Sadness

Toddlers:

  • Fear emerges around nine months
  • By 18 months fear and anger become more focused
  • Emergence of the Me-self
41
Q

When does fear develop

A

9 months

42
Q

Provide examples of self-conscious emotions.

A

Happens around 18 months – we develop more emotions and develop attachment patterns

43
Q

Explain Freud and Erikson’s dev. stages during infancy and toddlerhood.

A
  • Freud: oral and anal stages
  • Erikson: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt
44
Q

Identify types of infant temperaments.

A
  • Easy (40%)
  • Difficult (10%)
  • Slow to warm up (15%)
  • Hard to classify (35%)
45
Q

Identify Ainsworth’s patterns of infant attachment.

A
  • Securely attached
  • Insecurely attached
  • Anxious/ambivalently attached
  • Disorganized
46
Q

List major developmental milestones for each age period

A

By end of 3rd month:

Develops a social smile

Recognizes your face

Swipes dangling objects

Grasps and shakes hand toys

Raises head and chest when lying on stomach

By end of 6th month:

Eats solids

Sits without support

Passes objects from hand to hand

Rolls back to front & front to back

By end of 9th month:

Crawls

stands with support

Eats with fingers

Plays peek-a-boo

By 12 months…

Finger feeds self – pincer grasp

Holds own sipper cup

Finds hidden objects easily

Says first words

Walks 2-3 steps alone

By 15 months:

Scribbles with crayon

Walks well

Walks backwards

Helps you with dressing

By 18 mo.

Scribbles well

Throw ball overhand

Begins running

Uses eating utensils

Takes off own clothes

Drinks from cup

By 24 months:

Carries large toys while walking

Pulls toys while walking

Kicks a ball

Stands on tiptoe

Climbs up/down stairs

Builds tower of blocks

Some can dress themselves (pull-on clothes)

NURS 210 Growth and Development (2 decks)

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