Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Child Development > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Plato

A

Argued that children are born with innate knowledge of concrete objects and abstract concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Locke

A
  1. Viewed infants as Tabula Rossa or blank slate

2. Experiences mold children; shaped by experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rousseau

A

“Noble Savages”: Born with an innate sense of right and wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Correlational studies

A

Measures the extent which two variables are related

  • 2 types: positive and negative
  • Advantage: can study factors that can’t be manipulated
  • Disadvantages: correlation does not mean causation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Experiments

A
  • Used to study cause and effect relationships
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 groups of experiments

A
  1. Experimental group

2. Control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Components of an experiment

A

independent variable and dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Same person is observed repeatedly at different ages
Advantages: Direct way to study development
Disadvantages: expensive, long-term, practice effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Practice effects

A

Improvements and performance as a result of repeated practice with a task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Different people are measured a single time
Advantages: less time-consuming and expensive
Disadvantages: disconnected snapshot of development and cohort effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sequential design

A

Different sequences of children are tested longitudinally
Advantages: provide info about continuity and less time
Disadvantages: less info about continuity than longitudinal and more time-consuming than cross-sectional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Case study

A

Observation of an individual or small group over a long period of time. Chimps and sign language.
Advantages: suggest direction for a future studies
Disadvantages: generalizability is it applicable to the masses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Occurs in real-world setting and captures naturally occurring behavior
Advantages: Direct way to gather information
Disadvantages: people behave differently if they know they’re being observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Structured observations

A

Occurs in a setting that the experimenter controls and is useful for studying behaviors that are difficult to observe naturally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Self-report

A

A method in which individuals respond to questions about specific topics.
Advantages: lead directly to information on topic of interest and convenient
Disadvantages: response biases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Response biases

A

Respond in a more socially acceptable way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Microsystem

A

Immediate every day environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mesosystem

A

Connects the Microsystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Exosystem

A

Not experienced firsthand but still influences development such as parents workplace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Macrosystem

A

Larger cultural influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chronosystem

A

Systems change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Process

A

The types of interactions the individual has with others in the microsystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Person

A

The individual’s unique characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Act as an immediate stimulus to another person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Resource characteristics

A

Relate to mental and emotional resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Force characteristics

A

Relate to differences in temperament, motivation, persistence, etc.

27
Q

Context

A

The nested systems that were originally identified

28
Q

Time

A

Refers to aspects of temporality

29
Q

Phonology

A

Sounds

30
Q

Semantics

A

Individual words and their meanings

31
Q

Lexicon

A

Vocabulary and how to form new words

32
Q

Grammar/syntax

A

Structure

33
Q

Pragmatics

A

How to communicate effectively

Ex: talking to BFF versus professor

34
Q

Stages of pre-speech vocal development

A
  1. Crying and vegetative sounds
  2. Cooing and laughter
  3. Vocal play
  4. Reduplicated babbling
  5. Nonreduplicated babbling
35
Q

Cooing

A

Vowel like sounds

Social interaction elicits cooing

36
Q

Vocal play

A

Produce a variety of different consonant and vowel sounds at four months

37
Q

Reduplicated babbling

A

Babbling that consist of repeating the same consonant vowel combinations and over and over

38
Q

Non-reduplicated babbling

A

Babbling that contains sequences of different syllables

39
Q

Early naming errors

A

Under extension and over extension

40
Q

Underextension

A

Defining a word too narrowly

41
Q

Overextension

A

Defining a word too broadly

42
Q

What causes over extensions?

A

Category error
Lexical gap
Retrieval failure

43
Q

Lexical gap

A

have a concept but no word to name it

44
Q

Retrieval failure

A

Failed to retrieve the correct word from memory

45
Q

Mapping problem

A

Infinite number of word meanings that are logically possible

46
Q

How to solve mapping problem

A

Lexical constraints, input, clues from syntax

47
Q

Lexical constraints

A

Whole object constraint and mutual exclusivity

48
Q

Whole object constraint

A

Words referred to whole objects and not parts or properties

49
Q

Mutual exclusivity

A

An object can only have one label

50
Q

Input

A

Speech directed to children is about the here and now.

Adults provide explicit instruction about word meanings.

51
Q

Clues from syntax

A

Syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis: find and use clues to the meaning of new words in the syntactic structure of sentences

52
Q

Types of morphology

A

Inflectional morphology and derivational morphology

53
Q

Inflectional morphology

A

Adds grammatical information but does not change the words category

54
Q

Derivational morphology

A

Forms a new word, potentially changing the words category

55
Q

Simultaneous bilingualism

A

Results from being exposed to two languages from birth or shortly after birth

56
Q

Sequential bilingualism

A

Results from learning a second language after the first language acquisition is underway

57
Q

Characteristics that influence second language learning

A

Phonological memory, social/personality variables, age, proficiency in first language predict success with second language

58
Q

Phonological memory

A

Ability to remember speech sounds briefly

59
Q

Types of education

A

Provide curriculum in two languages

Immersion programs

60
Q

Symptoms of PTSD

A

Re-experiencing the traumatic event; avoidance of thoughts feelings and actions; reduced responsiveness; increased arousal, negative emotions, and guilt

61
Q

Treatment options of PTSD

A
  1. Treatment procedure is very depending on type of trauma, may include drug therapy, psychotherapy, or behavioral exposure techniques
62
Q

Exposure based therapy techniques

A

Flooding and EMDR

63
Q

Flooding

A

Client is exposed repeatedly and intensively to the feared stimulus

64
Q

EDMR

A

Clients move eyes side to side in rhythmic manner while flooding minds of images stimuli and situations ordinarily avoided

Child Development (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions