Test 1 Flashcards
Plato
Argued that children are born with innate knowledge of concrete objects and abstract concepts
Locke
- Viewed infants as Tabula Rossa or blank slate
2. Experiences mold children; shaped by experience
Rousseau
“Noble Savages”: Born with an innate sense of right and wrong
Correlational studies
Measures the extent which two variables are related
- 2 types: positive and negative
- Advantage: can study factors that can’t be manipulated
- Disadvantages: correlation does not mean causation
Experiments
- Used to study cause and effect relationships
2 groups of experiments
- Experimental group
2. Control group
Components of an experiment
independent variable and dependent variable
Longitudinal design
Same person is observed repeatedly at different ages
Advantages: Direct way to study development
Disadvantages: expensive, long-term, practice effects
Practice effects
Improvements and performance as a result of repeated practice with a task
Cross-sectional design
Different people are measured a single time
Advantages: less time-consuming and expensive
Disadvantages: disconnected snapshot of development and cohort effects
Sequential design
Different sequences of children are tested longitudinally
Advantages: provide info about continuity and less time
Disadvantages: less info about continuity than longitudinal and more time-consuming than cross-sectional
Case study
Observation of an individual or small group over a long period of time. Chimps and sign language.
Advantages: suggest direction for a future studies
Disadvantages: generalizability is it applicable to the masses
Naturalistic observation
Occurs in real-world setting and captures naturally occurring behavior
Advantages: Direct way to gather information
Disadvantages: people behave differently if they know they’re being observed
Structured observations
Occurs in a setting that the experimenter controls and is useful for studying behaviors that are difficult to observe naturally
Self-report
A method in which individuals respond to questions about specific topics.
Advantages: lead directly to information on topic of interest and convenient
Disadvantages: response biases
Response biases
Respond in a more socially acceptable way
Microsystem
Immediate every day environment
Mesosystem
Connects the Microsystems
Exosystem
Not experienced firsthand but still influences development such as parents workplace
Macrosystem
Larger cultural influences
Chronosystem
Systems change over time
Process
The types of interactions the individual has with others in the microsystem
Person
The individual’s unique characteristics
Demand characteristics
Act as an immediate stimulus to another person
Resource characteristics
Relate to mental and emotional resources
Force characteristics
Relate to differences in temperament, motivation, persistence, etc.
Context
The nested systems that were originally identified
Time
Refers to aspects of temporality
Phonology
Sounds
Semantics
Individual words and their meanings
Lexicon
Vocabulary and how to form new words
Grammar/syntax
Structure
Pragmatics
How to communicate effectively
Ex: talking to BFF versus professor
Stages of pre-speech vocal development
- Crying and vegetative sounds
- Cooing and laughter
- Vocal play
- Reduplicated babbling
- Nonreduplicated babbling
Cooing
Vowel like sounds
Social interaction elicits cooing
Vocal play
Produce a variety of different consonant and vowel sounds at four months
Reduplicated babbling
Babbling that consist of repeating the same consonant vowel combinations and over and over
Non-reduplicated babbling
Babbling that contains sequences of different syllables
Early naming errors
Under extension and over extension
Underextension
Defining a word too narrowly
Overextension
Defining a word too broadly
What causes over extensions?
Category error
Lexical gap
Retrieval failure
Lexical gap
have a concept but no word to name it
Retrieval failure
Failed to retrieve the correct word from memory
Mapping problem
Infinite number of word meanings that are logically possible
How to solve mapping problem
Lexical constraints, input, clues from syntax
Lexical constraints
Whole object constraint and mutual exclusivity
Whole object constraint
Words referred to whole objects and not parts or properties
Mutual exclusivity
An object can only have one label
Input
Speech directed to children is about the here and now.
Adults provide explicit instruction about word meanings.
Clues from syntax
Syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis: find and use clues to the meaning of new words in the syntactic structure of sentences
Types of morphology
Inflectional morphology and derivational morphology
Inflectional morphology
Adds grammatical information but does not change the words category
Derivational morphology
Forms a new word, potentially changing the words category
Simultaneous bilingualism
Results from being exposed to two languages from birth or shortly after birth
Sequential bilingualism
Results from learning a second language after the first language acquisition is underway
Characteristics that influence second language learning
Phonological memory, social/personality variables, age, proficiency in first language predict success with second language
Phonological memory
Ability to remember speech sounds briefly
Types of education
Provide curriculum in two languages
Immersion programs
Symptoms of PTSD
Re-experiencing the traumatic event; avoidance of thoughts feelings and actions; reduced responsiveness; increased arousal, negative emotions, and guilt
Treatment options of PTSD
- Treatment procedure is very depending on type of trauma, may include drug therapy, psychotherapy, or behavioral exposure techniques
Exposure based therapy techniques
Flooding and EMDR
Flooding
Client is exposed repeatedly and intensively to the feared stimulus
EDMR
Clients move eyes side to side in rhythmic manner while flooding minds of images stimuli and situations ordinarily avoided
