Test 1

Question 1

What is Reductionism?

Answer 1

Reducing the elements of a system to a Basic level of functioning elements

• Reductionism- Getting down to the fine details. Problem, You may miss out on things.
• Ex.(Specialsist)

Question 2

What is a complex system Approach?

Answer 2

Complex System Approach:

Knowledge of the Elements is

essential to understanding the system but greater emphasis is

placed on investigating and understanding the system as a

Whole.

• •How they all work together as a whole. Problem, You could miss out the small details*
• •Ex.(General doctor)*

Question 3

What are some issues with the complex systems aproach?

Answer 3

You can miss out on the small details

Because the complex system approach is more about the big picture.

Question 4

Ions move under the influence of what 2 forces?

Answer 4

• The first force (Fc) is related to the concentration gradiant
• The second force is related to the difference of potentials

Question 5

What happens to the membrane potential during depolarization?

Answer 5

The membrane channels open up to allow Na+ to enter making the membrane charge more positive.

Question 6

What happens to the membrane potential during hyperpolarization?

Answer 6

The membrane potental becomes more negitive and will enter the refractory period where it will get re-set the to the resting membrane potential

Question 7

What is the ALL or None Law?

Answer 7

Either the membrane does NOT generate an action potential (AP) or it Generates an AP with a standard shape and magnitude.

Question 8

EVERY ACTION POTENTAL IS THE SAME _____ AND _____

Answer 8

Size and Shape

Question 9

How is the All or None law related to the generation of actoin potentials?

Answer 9

When the stimulus leads to depolarization of the membrane potential to the point of generating an action potential an action potential will be generated.

Question 10

Relative refractory period-

Answer 10

Is the period following the generatoin of an acton potential in which it is possible to generate another acton potential.

Question 11

Absolute Refractory Period:

Answer 11

THe period follwoing the generation of an acton potential in which it is NOT possable to generate a new acton potential!

Question 12

Why are refractory periods important?

Answer 12

• They allow for control of neruons
• They limit frequency of AP’s can fire

Question 13

When a membrane depolarizes it becomes more _____

Answer 13

When a membrane depolarizes it becomes more Positive+

Question 14

When a membrane Hyperpolarizes it becomes more _____

Answer 14

When a membrane Hyperpolarizes it becomes more Negitive.

Question 15

After an acton potential has been generated there is a period of reduced or no possability of generatinganother action potential.

This is referred to as a __________ ______

Answer 15

Refractory Period

Question 16

What specifically causes the absolute refractory period?

Answer 16

when the Na+ channels are inactivated to allow for repolarizaton to occur

Question 17

What is the difference in Potasium and sodium ion channels when it comes to conductance/Behavior?

Answer 17

The Na+ channels will open/close quicker than K+ channels because we will need K+ later to leave the cell so the K+ channels will move slower.

Question 18

• From the soma to the terminal branches
• Motor Nerons/Efferent

Answer 18

Orthodromic

Question 19

• From the end of the axon to the soma
• sensory neurons/Afferent

Answer 19

Antidromic Transmission

Question 20

Neuromuscular junction

1:1 Ratio

Answer 20

Obligatory

Question 21

• A single pre-synaptic AP is typically unable to produce AP ona post-Synaptic membrane

Answer 21

Non-obligatory synapses

Question 22

What is the functional significance of the inactivation of sodium channels immediately after the generation of an action potential?

Answer 22

It prevents the action potential from backfiring

Question 23

understanding the basic elements of a neuron,such as the axon,soma,and dendrites, utilizes which type of approach?

Answer 23

Reductionism

Question 24

understanding how the nervous system interacts with the musclular system to produce coordinated movement utilizes which type of approach?

Answer 24

Complex Systems Approach

Question 25

A regenerative electrical signal in which the amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon is known as _____

Answer 25

Action potential

Question 26

What happens when several action potentials arrive within a short period of time at the same location, and their individual EPSPs sum up to induce an action potential on the post-synaptic membrane?

Answer 26

temporal summation

Question 27

Depolarization causes the membrane potential to become more_____; Hyperpolarizatoin causes the membrane potential to become more _______

Answer 27

Depolarization causes the membrane potential to become more POSITIVE; Hyperpolarizatoin causes the membrane potential to become more Negitive.

Question 28

An inhibitory postsynaptic action potential would cause what to occur at the postsynaptic membrane?

Answer 28

Hyperpolarization

Question 29

A response of a muslce to a single actoin potential is a_____

Answer 29

Twitch

Question 30

an acton potential that travels from the axon towards the cell body is know as_____ action potential

Answer 30

an acton potential that travels from the axon towards the cell body is know as Antidromic action potential

Question 31

Persitent inward currents have been located in what type of neuron?

Answer 31

Alpha (A1)