TEST 1 Flashcards
Model
Visual representation of variable relationships
Not always based on tested hypotheses
Theory
Systematic arrangement of variables that provide a basis for explaining outcomes
Invites scientific evaluation of proposed variable relationships
Often represented through the use of a model
Expectancy-Value Theory
Premise is that successful behavior change requires that the outcome be both valued and expected
Self-Efficacy Theory basic definition
Based on the premise that our perceptions about our ability to be successful impacts our behavior
Self-Efficacy Theory core principles
Self-Efficacy: belief in self to be successful at a specific task given possessed abilities and the uniqueness of the situation
Reciprocal Determinism: the interaction and relationship b/w person, environment, and behavior
Self-Efficacy Theory
Past Performance: degree of perceived success in prior similar attempts; links to perceived mastery
Vicarious Experiences: observation of similar others complete similar tasks; linked to modeling
Social Persuasion: verbal and non-verbal tactics by expert or significant others
Physiological/Affective State: bodily (HR, BP, sweating, etc.) and mood-related (affect, anxiety, etc.) perceptions
Theory of Planned Behavior definition
Based on the premise that intention drives behavior.
Theory of Planned Behavior aspects of intention
Attitude: beliefs about and evaluation of anticipated consequences of actions
Subjective Norm: perceptions about and motivation to comply with expectations of others
Perceived Control: perceptions about how much personal control exists for engaging in a behavior
Self-Determination Theory defined
Designed to better explain affective and cognitive aspects of motivation and behavior
Based on the premise that we possess three innate psychological needs and that we seek out opportunities to meet these needs.
Self-Determination: autonomy; in control
Competence: mastery; effective
Relatedness: socially involved & satisfied
Self-Determination Theory levels of motivation
Amotivation: absence of motivation; helpless
External regulation: related to external reward
Introjected regulation: dictated by self-imposed pressure; obligation, guilt
Identified regulation: based on personal goals; achievement
Integrated regulation: based on confirming sense of self; self-schema
Intrinsic motivation: based on activity itself; pleasure, satisfaction
Conditioning Theories
Classical Conditioning-
Suggests future behavior is most closely tied to interpretation of antecedents
Also known as respondent conditioning
Operant Conditioning-
Suggests future behavior is most closely tied to interpretation of consequences
Basis for Stimulus Response Theory (SRT)
Represents consideration of the A-B-C’s of behavior change
Stimulus response theory
Positive Reinforcement: behavior promoted by adding something desirable
Enjoyable or pleasant outcome that feels good, and strengthens a particular behavior
Negative Reinforcement: behavior promoted by deleting something undesirable
Generally unpleasant or aversive stimuli that, when withdrawn after a behavior, will increase the frequency of that behavior in the future
Punishment: behavior discouraged by provision of something unpleasant; “addition punishment”
Involves presenting an unpleasant or uncomfortable stimulus after a behavior in order to decrease the probability of that behavior happening in the future
Extinction: behavior discouraged by removal of something pleasant; “subtraction punishment”
Withholding a positive (or absence of the positive) stimulus decreases the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future
Transtheoretical Model defined
Integrative approach that pulls together concepts from a variety of theories to explain behavior
Assumes that behavior change occurs over time and involves many steps
Stages of Change – level of readiness
Processes of Change – intervention techniques
Transtheoretical Model
Precontemplation
No intention to change
Negative attitudes towards change
Contemplation
Intend to change relatively soon
Mix of pos/neg attitudes towards change
Preparation
Intend to change very soon
Have taken some change steps
Action
Change initiated but still new
Maintenance
Continuation of behavior change
Transtheoretical Model interventions
Precontemplation: Need to become more informed about the benefits of exercise.
Contemplation: Need to ponder whether they will really feel good about themselves if they continue to be sedentary.
Preparation: Need to organize and start planning for new physically active lifestyle.
Action: Need tips on overcoming barriers and strategies to maintain motivation.
Maintenance: Need to plan ahead and identify situations that might cause them to lapse.
Transtheoretical Model supporting concepts
Decisional Balance
Subjective assessment of pros and cons to change
Pros increase & cons decrease with progression
Shift is essential to change
Self-Efficacy
Situation-specific confidence in coping with difficult behavior change environments
Increases with progression through stages
Progressing to higher stages involves change
Changing thoughts about exercise & self
Changing aspects of the environment
Health Belief Model defined
Premise: attitudes and beliefs of individuals impact health behavior decisions
Health Belief Model
Core Constructs
Perceived Susceptibility: likelihood of negative outcome associated with being inactive
Perceived Severity: consequences of being inactive
Perceived Barriers: assessment of direct and indirect costs of being active
Perceived Benefits: assessment of effectiveness of being active
Cues to Action: strategies to activate readiness
Self-Efficacy: confidence in ability to be active
