Test 1 Flashcards
What is speech?
A dynamic neuromuscular process of producing sounds for communication, a verbal means of communicating or conveying meaning
What is dysarthria?
a. Disorder of movement that may affect
i. Speech
ii. Strength
iii. Range
iv. Timing
v. Accuracy of speech movements
Dysarthria is caused by…
a. Pathology to CNS or PNS
b. Some sort of paralysis of a muscle or paresis (weakness) or lack of coordination of a muscle
What muscles can be affected by dysarthria?
a. Muscles involved in respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, and/or prosody
How are the different types of dysarthria distinguished?
a. By perceptual differences
b. Depending on which muscles are affected, we are able to differentially diagnose the type of dysarthria
Motor planning involves…
Selecting, sequencing, and executing a plan
The cerebrum is part of the…
CN
What are the parts of the cerebrum?
lateral sulcus central sulcus frontal lobe temporal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe
where is the primary motor cortex?
frontal lobe
what is the primary motor cortex also called?
pre central gyrus
primary motor cortex has control over the ___ side of the body
contralateral
why is the angular gyrus important?
for language–damage can cause difficulty with word finding, reading, writing, and acalculia
what is the primary sensory cortex also called?
postcentral gyrus
what is the importance of the cerebellum?
integrates and coordinates smooth execution of movement
if there is damage to the cerebellum, there is probably…
ataxic dysarthria, which makes you sound drunk
what does the brainstem contain?
ascending and descending tracts that travel to and from the cranial nerves
3 structures of the basal ganglia?
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
hypokinetic dysarthria is characteristic of…
Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease is associated with problems in the…
basal ganglia
what is the basal ganglia responsible for?
planning of slow, continuous movement
when is a group of nerve fibers called a nerve?
when it is traveling through the PNS
when is a group of nerve fibers called a tract or pathway?
when it is traveling through the CNS
4 major divisions of the motor system?
direct activation system
indirect activation system
control circuits
final common pathway
direct activation system
pyramidal tract
voluntary movements
UMN
2 main tracts: corticobulbar (cranial nerve) and corticospinal (spinal nerve)
damage to the direct activation system?
loss or reduction of skilled, voluntary movements
indirect activation system
extrapyramidal system
involuntary reflexes, posture, and tone
UMN
reticular formation
damage to the indirect activation system
loss of muscle tone and reflexes
what is an upper motor neuron?
pathways in both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
origin of UMN?
cerebral cortex
destination of UMN?
final common pathway (LMN)
damage to UMN?
affects pyramidal and extrapyramidal–voluntary and involuntary
spasticity
loss of skilled, voluntary movement
hyperactive reflexes
basal ganglia is important for
skilled voluntary movement
posture
automatic movement
cerebellum is responsible for
smoothing movement of muscles
coordination of movement
function of basal ganglia?
posture
tone
modulates impulses from cortex
responsible for automatic execution of learned motor plans
damage to basal ganglia will result in
hypokinesia
hyperkinesia
functions of cerebellum?
smooth coordination of muscles
effects of damage to cerebellum?
ataxia decomposition of movement dysmetria adiadokokinesia hypotonia tremor nystagmus
final common pathway =
lower motor neuron system
what is the final common pathway?
denotes the neurons that originate in the SN or CN and travel to specific muscles
last link in the chain of neural events that lead to movement
where do LMN generate activity?
skeletal muscles
effects of damage to final common pathway?
hypotonia hyporeflexia weakness paralysis atrophy fasciculations fibrilation
which CN are involved in speech?
V VII IX X XII
motor/sensory functions of trigeminal nerve?
motor: jaw movement
sensory: face, mouth, and jaw sensations
innervation of trigeminal nerve?
bilateral
motor/sensory function of facial nerve?
motor: facial expression
sensory: taste receptors
innervation of facial nerve?
bilateral to upper face
contralateral to lower face
result of LMN lesion to facial nerve?
paralysis of muscles on same side of face
result of unilateral UMN lesion to facial nerve?
paralysis of contralateral lower face with a slight degree of involvement of the upper face bilaterally
motor/sensory function of glossopharyngeal nerve?
motor: muscles of pharynx/larynx
sensory: posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx
innervation of glossopharyngeal nerve?
bilateral
motor/sensory function of vagus?
soft palate, pharynx, larynx
innervation of vagus?
bilateral
motor/sensory function of hypoglossal?
muscles of tongue
innervation of hypoglossal?
bilateral to all except genioglossus, which is contra laterally innervated and responsible for tongue protrusion
spinal nerves that innervate muscles for respiration are ___ innervated
contralaterally
5 stages for organizing speech
conceptualization linguistic planning motor planning performance feedback
damage to conceptualization stage?
diffuse impairment of cognitive function
damage to linguistic planning stage?
aphasia
damage to motor planning stage?
apraxia
damage to performance stage?
dysarthria
damage to feedback stage?
dysarthria or sensory based speech disturbances
adiadochokinesia or dysdiadokokinesia
damage to cerebellum that results in inability to perform rapid alternating muscle movements
ataxia
damage to cerebellum that results in general incoordination of motor acts
decomposition of movement
damage to cerebellum that results in person will break a complex motor act into its components and execute the act movement by movement
dysmetria
damage to cerebellum that results in inability to gauge the distance, speed, and power of movements–leads to overshooting
hypotonia
damage to cerebellum that results in muscle flaccidity
tremor
damage to cerebellum that results in usually intention tremor, tremor when active not at rest
nystagumus
damage to cerebellum that results in rhythmic oscillatory abnormalities of the pupil of the eye
hypotonia or flaccid paralysis
damage to the final common pathway results in lesions in the CN or peripheral nerves, neural impulses will not be transmitted to the muscles; this is called denervation; result is muscles become soft and flabby because of loss of muscle tone
hyporeflexia
damage to the final common pathway results in damage to the reflex arc that is involved with the nerve; normal reflex response is gone
atrophy
damage to the final common pathway results in with loss of innervation, muscles lose bulk and undergo atrophy; atrophic muscles will often show fasciculations and fibrillations which are caused by electrical disturbances in muscle fibers resulting from denervation
fasciculations
damage to the final common pathway results in brief localized twitches occurs from excess or spontaneous motor unit discharges
fibrillation
damage to the final common pathway results in muscles that are deprived of LMN input will generate slow, repetitive action potentials and contact regularly
what are the major anatomical markings of the cerebrum?
a. Lateral sulcus – runs horizontally along the lateral sides of each hemisphere and separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe
b. Central sulcus – extends vertically from the very top of the hemisphere down to the lateral sulcus
c. Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex, motor strip) – control voluntary movements of the body
d. Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex, sensory strip) – receive sensory information from the body via the PNS and other portions of the CNS
e. Cerebral cortex – surface of the cerebrum; separated into gray and white matter; responsible for higher cognitive activities, such as language, motor planning, problem solving, and much sensory perception
3 functions of brainstem
a. Passageway from the descending and ascending neural tracts that travel between the cerebrum and spinal cord
b. Controls certain integrative and reflexive actions, such as respiration, consciousness, and some functions of the cardiovascular system
c. Contains the places where the cranial nerves project out from the CNS
functions of cerebellum
coordinates voluntary movements
bundles of axons found in CNS
tracts
bundles of axons in PNS
nerves
2 important neurotransmitters in basal ganglia?
acetylcholine
dopamine
association cortex function?
initial planning of voluntary movements
primary function of basal ganglia
planning and refining of slow, continuous movements
motor speech disorder associated with Parkinson’s?
hypo kinetic dysarthria
motor speech disorder associated with Huntington’s?
hyperkinetic dysarthria
functions of cerebellum?
regulate muscle tone
maintain balance
coordinate skilled motor movements
disorders resulting from cerebellar damage?
ataxia/ataxic dysarthria
functions of thalamus?
subcortical systems of the nervous system communicate with cerebral cortex through thalamus
receives input from basal ganglia and cerebellum
functions of primary motor cortex?
a. Receives the neural motor impulses that have been processed, smoothed, and coordinated by the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus
b. Takes voluntary movement patterns that are formulated elsewhere and transmit them to the cranial or spinal nerves via the tract of motor neurons called the pyramidal system
function of pyramidal system?
voluntary, conscious level
function of extrapyramidal system?
unconscious, automatic, reflex
UMN are within
CNS
LMN
CN and SN
cranial nerve nuclei
sites in the brainstem where the cell bodies of the LMN in the CN are located
neuromuscular junction
point where the axons of the LMN make synaptic connections within muscle cells
