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Motor Speech > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is speech?

A

A dynamic neuromuscular process of producing sounds for communication, a verbal means of communicating or conveying meaning

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2
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

a. Disorder of movement that may affect
i. Speech
ii. Strength
iii. Range
iv. Timing
v. Accuracy of speech movements

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3
Q

Dysarthria is caused by…

A

a. Pathology to CNS or PNS

b. Some sort of paralysis of a muscle or paresis (weakness) or lack of coordination of a muscle

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4
Q

What muscles can be affected by dysarthria?

A

a. Muscles involved in respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, and/or prosody

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5
Q

How are the different types of dysarthria distinguished?

A

a. By perceptual differences

b. Depending on which muscles are affected, we are able to differentially diagnose the type of dysarthria

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6
Q

Motor planning involves…

A

Selecting, sequencing, and executing a plan

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7
Q

The cerebrum is part of the…

A

CN

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8
Q

What are the parts of the cerebrum?

A 
lateral sulcus
central sulcus
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe 
occipital lobe
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9
Q

where is the primary motor cortex?

A

frontal lobe

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10
Q

what is the primary motor cortex also called?

A

pre central gyrus

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11
Q

primary motor cortex has control over the ___ side of the body

A

contralateral

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12
Q

why is the angular gyrus important?

A

for language–damage can cause difficulty with word finding, reading, writing, and acalculia

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13
Q

what is the primary sensory cortex also called?

A

postcentral gyrus

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14
Q

what is the importance of the cerebellum?

A

integrates and coordinates smooth execution of movement

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15
Q

if there is damage to the cerebellum, there is probably…

A

ataxic dysarthria, which makes you sound drunk

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16
Q

what does the brainstem contain?

A

ascending and descending tracts that travel to and from the cranial nerves

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17
Q

3 structures of the basal ganglia?

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

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18
Q

hypokinetic dysarthria is characteristic of…

A

Parkinson’s disease

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19
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with problems in the…

A

basal ganglia

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20
Q

what is the basal ganglia responsible for?

A

planning of slow, continuous movement

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21
Q

when is a group of nerve fibers called a nerve?

A

when it is traveling through the PNS

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22
Q

when is a group of nerve fibers called a tract or pathway?

A

when it is traveling through the CNS

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23
Q

4 major divisions of the motor system?

A

direct activation system
indirect activation system
control circuits
final common pathway

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24
Q

direct activation system

A

pyramidal tract
voluntary movements
UMN
2 main tracts: corticobulbar (cranial nerve) and corticospinal (spinal nerve)

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25
Q

damage to the direct activation system?

A

loss or reduction of skilled, voluntary movements

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26
Q

indirect activation system

A

extrapyramidal system
involuntary reflexes, posture, and tone
UMN
reticular formation

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27
Q

damage to the indirect activation system

A

loss of muscle tone and reflexes

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28
Q

what is an upper motor neuron?

A

pathways in both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts

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29
Q

origin of UMN?

A

cerebral cortex

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30
Q

destination of UMN?

A

final common pathway (LMN)

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31
Q

damage to UMN?

A

affects pyramidal and extrapyramidal–voluntary and involuntary
spasticity
loss of skilled, voluntary movement
hyperactive reflexes

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32
Q

basal ganglia is important for

A

skilled voluntary movement
posture
automatic movement

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33
Q

cerebellum is responsible for

A

smoothing movement of muscles

coordination of movement

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34
Q

function of basal ganglia?

A

posture
tone
modulates impulses from cortex
responsible for automatic execution of learned motor plans

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35
Q

damage to basal ganglia will result in

A

hypokinesia

hyperkinesia

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36
Q

functions of cerebellum?

A

smooth coordination of muscles

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37
Q

effects of damage to cerebellum?

A 
ataxia
decomposition of movement 
dysmetria
adiadokokinesia
hypotonia
tremor 
nystagmus
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38
Q

final common pathway =

A

lower motor neuron system

39
Q

what is the final common pathway?

A

denotes the neurons that originate in the SN or CN and travel to specific muscles
last link in the chain of neural events that lead to movement

40
Q

where do LMN generate activity?

A

skeletal muscles

41
Q

effects of damage to final common pathway?

A 
hypotonia
hyporeflexia
weakness
paralysis
atrophy
fasciculations
fibrilation
42
Q

which CN are involved in speech?

A 
V
VII
IX
X 
XII
43
Q

motor/sensory functions of trigeminal nerve?

A

motor: jaw movement
sensory: face, mouth, and jaw sensations

44
Q

innervation of trigeminal nerve?

A

bilateral

45
Q

motor/sensory function of facial nerve?

A

motor: facial expression
sensory: taste receptors

46
Q

innervation of facial nerve?

A

bilateral to upper face

contralateral to lower face

47
Q

result of LMN lesion to facial nerve?

A

paralysis of muscles on same side of face

48
Q

result of unilateral UMN lesion to facial nerve?

A

paralysis of contralateral lower face with a slight degree of involvement of the upper face bilaterally

49
Q

motor/sensory function of glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

motor: muscles of pharynx/larynx
sensory: posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx

50
Q

innervation of glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

bilateral

51
Q

motor/sensory function of vagus?

A

soft palate, pharynx, larynx

52
Q

innervation of vagus?

A

bilateral

53
Q

motor/sensory function of hypoglossal?

A

muscles of tongue

54
Q

innervation of hypoglossal?

A

bilateral to all except genioglossus, which is contra laterally innervated and responsible for tongue protrusion

55
Q

spinal nerves that innervate muscles for respiration are ___ innervated

A

contralaterally

56
Q

5 stages for organizing speech

A 
conceptualization
linguistic planning 
motor planning 
performance
feedback
57
Q

damage to conceptualization stage?

A

diffuse impairment of cognitive function

58
Q

damage to linguistic planning stage?

A

aphasia

59
Q

damage to motor planning stage?

A

apraxia

60
Q

damage to performance stage?

A

dysarthria

61
Q

damage to feedback stage?

A

dysarthria or sensory based speech disturbances

62
Q

adiadochokinesia or dysdiadokokinesia

A

damage to cerebellum that results in inability to perform rapid alternating muscle movements

63
Q

ataxia

A

damage to cerebellum that results in general incoordination of motor acts

64
Q

decomposition of movement

A

damage to cerebellum that results in person will break a complex motor act into its components and execute the act movement by movement

65
Q

dysmetria

A

damage to cerebellum that results in inability to gauge the distance, speed, and power of movements–leads to overshooting

66
Q

hypotonia

A

damage to cerebellum that results in muscle flaccidity

67
Q

tremor

A

damage to cerebellum that results in usually intention tremor, tremor when active not at rest

68
Q

nystagumus

A

damage to cerebellum that results in rhythmic oscillatory abnormalities of the pupil of the eye

69
Q

hypotonia or flaccid paralysis

A

damage to the final common pathway results in lesions in the CN or peripheral nerves, neural impulses will not be transmitted to the muscles; this is called denervation; result is muscles become soft and flabby because of loss of muscle tone

70
Q

hyporeflexia

A

damage to the final common pathway results in damage to the reflex arc that is involved with the nerve; normal reflex response is gone

71
Q

atrophy

A

damage to the final common pathway results in with loss of innervation, muscles lose bulk and undergo atrophy; atrophic muscles will often show fasciculations and fibrillations which are caused by electrical disturbances in muscle fibers resulting from denervation

72
Q

fasciculations

A

damage to the final common pathway results in brief localized twitches occurs from excess or spontaneous motor unit discharges

73
Q

fibrillation

A

damage to the final common pathway results in muscles that are deprived of LMN input will generate slow, repetitive action potentials and contact regularly

74
Q

what are the major anatomical markings of the cerebrum?

A

a. Lateral sulcus – runs horizontally along the lateral sides of each hemisphere and separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe
b. Central sulcus – extends vertically from the very top of the hemisphere down to the lateral sulcus
c. Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex, motor strip) – control voluntary movements of the body
d. Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex, sensory strip) – receive sensory information from the body via the PNS and other portions of the CNS
e. Cerebral cortex – surface of the cerebrum; separated into gray and white matter; responsible for higher cognitive activities, such as language, motor planning, problem solving, and much sensory perception

75
Q

3 functions of brainstem

A

a. Passageway from the descending and ascending neural tracts that travel between the cerebrum and spinal cord
b. Controls certain integrative and reflexive actions, such as respiration, consciousness, and some functions of the cardiovascular system
c. Contains the places where the cranial nerves project out from the CNS

76
Q

functions of cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary movements

77
Q

bundles of axons found in CNS

A

tracts

78
Q

bundles of axons in PNS

A

nerves

79
Q

2 important neurotransmitters in basal ganglia?

A

acetylcholine

dopamine

80
Q

association cortex function?

A

initial planning of voluntary movements

81
Q

primary function of basal ganglia

A

planning and refining of slow, continuous movements

82
Q

motor speech disorder associated with Parkinson’s?

A

hypo kinetic dysarthria

83
Q

motor speech disorder associated with Huntington’s?

A

hyperkinetic dysarthria

84
Q

functions of cerebellum?

A

regulate muscle tone
maintain balance
coordinate skilled motor movements

85
Q

disorders resulting from cerebellar damage?

A

ataxia/ataxic dysarthria

86
Q

functions of thalamus?

A

subcortical systems of the nervous system communicate with cerebral cortex through thalamus
receives input from basal ganglia and cerebellum

87
Q

functions of primary motor cortex?

A

a. Receives the neural motor impulses that have been processed, smoothed, and coordinated by the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus
b. Takes voluntary movement patterns that are formulated elsewhere and transmit them to the cranial or spinal nerves via the tract of motor neurons called the pyramidal system

88
Q

function of pyramidal system?

A

voluntary, conscious level

89
Q

function of extrapyramidal system?

A

unconscious, automatic, reflex

90
Q

UMN are within

A

CNS

91
Q

LMN

A

CN and SN

92
Q

cranial nerve nuclei

A

sites in the brainstem where the cell bodies of the LMN in the CN are located

93
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

point where the axons of the LMN make synaptic connections within muscle cells

Motor Speech (3 decks)

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