Test 1 Flashcards
What was the first major stronghold in North America during the period of colonialism?
The Massachusetts Bay Colony
- Although the Massachusetts Bay Colony was not the first successful settlement in the New World, it was the first major stronghold in North America.
Which religious group came to America fleeing persecution, but fined, whipped, banished, and imprisoned anyone who did not conform to their beliefs?
The Puritans
- Although the Puritans sought religious freedom in the Americas, they were loath to give that freedom to others who held different beliefs. In order to ensure that Puritanism dominated the colonies, they fined, whipped, banished, and imprisoned anyone that did not conform to their beliefs.
Were 3 characteristics of northern urban areas from 1820-1860:
- They lacked adequate taxing power to provide services for all of its residents;
- They developed an elaborate system of municipal services;
- They created transportation lines;
(they did NOT create seaport cities - that was a southern characteristic)
What proposal did President Woodrow Wilson make in 1918 that convinced the Germans they would be treated fairly if they surrendered?
The Fourteen Points
- The Fourteen Points were presented in a speech before both houses of Congress and were intended to generate support for Wilson’s vision of the postwar world, both at home and among allies in Europe. President Wilson hoped that the promise of a just peace would be embraced by the population in enemy nations and generate momentum for ending the war. Later, the Germans expressed a sense of betrayal when the harsher terms of the Treaty of Versailles were presented.
in 1764, the British for the first time imposed a series of taxes designed specifically to raise revenue from the colonies. What was this series of taxes called?
The Sugar Act
- The series of taxes, named the American Revenue Act, became popularly known as the Sugar Act. One of its major components was a high duty on sugar. The act was combined with a greater attempt to enforce the existing tariffs.
3 characteristics of the Sons of Liberty are:
- They resorted to coercion to force stamp agents to resign their posts;
- They were prominent citizens;
- They had chapters throughout the colonies.
- (One of the American reactions to the Stamp Act was the creation throughout the colonies of a secret organization known as the Sons of Liberty - They did NOT publicly proclaim their membership)
4 characteristics of the Vietnam War:
- More than 58,000 Americans were killed;
- The war is considered the longest military conflict in U.S. History, lasting from 1959-1975;
- More than 3 million Vietnamese were killed.
- The U.S. Military had assistance from many allies during the Vietnam War, including troops from Australia, South Korea, and the Philippians.
What is the “Digital Divide”?
The gap between communities and nations that have access to the Internet and other information and communication technologies and those who do not.
- Not all areas of the world have been able to join the Information Age at the same time or the same pace as the United States. The digital divide has created not only a gap between nations, but also within the United States.
The Articles of Confederation was the first governing document, or constitution, of the United States. What was a major deficiency?
It lacked taxing authority for the central government.
- The Articles of Confederation created a weak federal government that lacked the authority to tax; it also established a one-state, one-vote policy, which the larger states resented.
Characteristics of the Federalist Papers:
- They consisted of 85 essays;
- They serve as a primary source for interpretation of the Constitution;
- The authors wanted to both influence the vote in favor of ratification and shape future interpretations of the Constitution.
- The Federalist Papers contained 85 essays outlining how the new government would operate and why this type of government was the best choice for the United States of America. All of the essays were signed “Publius”, and though the actual authors of some are under dispute, the consensus is that Alexander Hamilton rote 52, James Madison wrote 28, and John Jay contributed the remaining 5. None of the authors signed the Declaration of Independence.
Characteristics in regard to Manifest Destiny:
- It was a doctrine used to rationalize the United States territorial expansion;
- The phrase was coined by the U.S. journalist John L. O’Sullivan;
- It was a doctrine initially used as the rationale for annexing Mexican and Indian land in Texas and the Southwest.
- Manifest Destiny was a doctrine used to rationalize US territorial expansion in the 1840s and 1850s. It asserted that expansions of the US throughout the American continent was both justified and inevitable. The phrase was coined by US journalist John L. O’Sullivan, and was initially used in regard to Mexican and Indian land in Texas and the Southwest. The concept was invoked later in a dispute with Great Britain over Oregon and in relation to territory controlled by the US as a result of the Spanish-American War. By the age of Manifest Destiny, Spain was long gone from Florida.
What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 do?
Set out a process by which new states formed by new territories could become part of the United States.
- Provided the means by which new states would be created out of the western lands and admitted into the Union.
Characteristics of Reganomics:
- Based on supply-side economics, tax cuts would create economic growth;
- Argued that US economic woes were the result of government intrusion in the free market;
- Sought to unshackle the free enterprise system by eliminating handouts, high taxes, and government itself.
- President Reagan sought to cure the nation’s financial woes by turning away from demand economics , centered on consumers stimulating businesses to supply more product, and instead focus on supply-side economics. There were 4 pillars of his platform: - Reduce government spending;
- Reduce income tax and capital gains tax;
- Reduce government regulation;
- Control the money supply to reduce inflation.
Reagan’s “trickle-down economics” referred to cutting taxes so that freed-up resources would eventually trickle down to those not directly benefitting from policy changes.
Factors during the antebellum period:
- Sectional differences created friction between the North and South;
- Massive foreign immigration from Ireland and Germany greatly increased the size of cities in the North;
- Congress struggled with the issue of whether to allow slavery in the western territories.
- Between 1790-1860 - the years known as the antebellum period - commercial agriculture replaced substance agriculture in the North, and household production was replaced by factory production. Massive foreign immigration from Ireland and Germany greatly increased the size of the cities in the North. In the South, slavery impended the development if industry and cities discouraged technological innovation.
Describes a mechanism in international relations to prevent any one side from gaining dominance.
Balance of Power
- Balance of Power is a doctrine to prevent any one nation from becoming so strong that it would end up having power over all of the other nations.
An almost perfect crop for the lower South because it was easy to grow and well-suited to the region’s climate and soil.
Cotton
- The perfect crop for the lower south was cotton. It was easy to grow, and its demands were met by the regions climate and soil. Between the cotton South and the wheat North, there was a middle ground in which the main crop was corn.
How many lives were lost during the American Civil War?
About 750,000
- The American Civil War (1861-1865) was one of the most violent times in the history of the United States. About 750,000 people gave their lives for their country this war, on and off the battlefield, according to a recent recalculation of the death toll based on newly digitized census data from the 19th century. This is more American lives lost in one war than in all wars and conflicts combined since this period.
Who was president of the United States when the first states seceded from the Union?
James Buchanan
- The outgoing president, James Buchanan, a Northern Democrat who was either truckling to the Southern, pro-slavery wing of his party, or sincerely attempting to avert war, pursued a vacillating course.
Who was the first president of the Confederacy?
Jefferson Davis
- The new Confederate government was led by President Jefferson Davis.
Strengths of the Union during the Civil War:
- The Union had vastly superior sea power;
- Britain never formally recognized the Confederacy;
- The Emancipation Proclamation won popular support for the Union in England and France.
After the North defeated the South in the Civil War, politicians faced the task of putting the divided country back together. What legislative action made former slaves citizens?
The Fourteenth Amendment
- The Fourteenth Amendment (1868) conferred former slaves with national citizenship. The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 laid out the process for readmitting southern states into the Union, and the Fifteenth Amendment (1870) granted black men the right to vote. These were only the first steps, however, toward reconstructing the fragmented nation.
The most common form of resistance on the part of black American slaves prior to the Civil War was:
Passive resistance, including breaking tools and deliberately slowing the pace of work.
- blacks most commonly resisted slavery passively, if at all. Underground railroad, though celebrated in popular history, involved a relatively minute number of slaves. Arson and violent uprising, though they did sometimes occur and were the subject of much fear on the part of white Southerners, we’re also relatively rare.
As part of United States foray in two worlds politics and as part of its path toward becoming a world power, US Secretary of State John Hay issued a series of diplomatic notes between 1899 and 1900 that out loud what became known as the Open Door Policy. This dealt with US foreign-policy toward what country?
China.
- after the US gain possession of the Philippines and it became more interested in gaining access to the Chinese market. Hay’s notes promoted an Open Door Policy with China in which all nations could trade with it. After a group of Chinese militia that the foreign press termed the “Boxers” led an attack on Western embassies, Hay called on countries to respect the integrity of China, but did allow the US to join a multinational force to put down the rebellion. Hay’s concerns with China and other countries in the Caribbean and Central America resulted in increased US interests there in the first decade of the 20th century.
The Supreme Court played a huge role in determining the legality and constitutionality of many of the laws that were passed during Reconstruction. Name three Supreme Court decisions related to Reconstruction:
- The court decided that it was unconstitutional to set up martial law where civil courts were in operation;
- In “Texas v. White,” 1869, the Court upheld President Abraham Lincoln’s position that the union was indivisible and indissoluble;
- The Court decided that the loyalty oaths were wrong and invalidated them.
- Though slavery was officially abolished with the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865, southern whites continue their control over blacks in the post-Civil War era through the passage of Jim Crow laws, the terror acts of racist groups like the Ku Klux Klan, and the agricultural system of sharecropping, among other means.
What did the Manhattan Project accomplish?
It’s developed the first nuclear weapon during World War II.
- The Manhattan project was the project to develop the first nuclear weapon (atomic bomb), during World War II, by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Formally designed as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1941 to 1946.
Ellis island was the main reception facility for immigrants entering the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. How many immigrants were inspected there?
12 million immigrants were inspected at Ellis Island.
- 12 million immigrants were processed at Ellis island before it’s closure on November 12, 1954. Ellis Island, located at the mouth of the Hudson river in New York Harbor, was one of three processing stations operated by the federal government. It was the major processing station for third class/steerage immigrants entering the United States in 1892; it processed 70% of all immigrants at the time. Ellis Island is within the boundaries of Jersey City, New Jersey, but is legally part of New York under the 1834 treaty setting a boundary between the two states.
The three immigrant streams that came to the US had what characteristics?
The First Immigrant Stream came from western and northern Europe where an Anglo-conformity model work for them.
- immigration to the US can largely be divided into three streams:
1. The First Immigrant Stream came from western and northern Europe where an Anglo-Conformity model worked for them;
- The Second Immigrant Stream from 1890-1924 featured people from Russia, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Greece. Why other languages were further away from English, they fit into America’s “melting pot” and blended in.
- The Third Immigrant Stream from 1946 to the present has seen immigrants from Latin America, China, Mexico, and led to the “browning of America.”
This was a cause of both World War I and World War II:
Political instability in Eastern Europe.
- some of the reasons why World War I began can be linked to the Austria Hungarian annexation of Bosnia, Slavic nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Frans Ferdinand. World War II began as a result of the German occupation of Austria and Czechoslovakia. The League of Nations did not start until after World War I. Secret alliances and secret agreements among nations, while they contributed to World War I, were not really a factor in World War II. The fall of the Ottoman Empire technically occurred after World War I. While the partitioning a bit of the old Ottoman Empire into colonial rule by the British and the French did cause strife and conflict, it was not a cause of World War II.
Ashoka converted to Buddhism as a result of:
Remorse over the widespread deaths his military campaigns caused.
- Ashoka’s reign during the Mauryan Empire (c. 269-232 BCE) for the higher to its farthest limits. In 261, he conquered Kalinga (the modern state of Orissa) which resulted in a bloody campaign that left over 100,000 dead. Upset with the carnage, he rejected more, adopted nonviolence, and converted to Buddhism. He made it part of his duty to spread Buddhist teachings. He initiated a tremendous movement of building 84,000 Buddhist stupas throughout India.He also spread his message to foreign lands and sent out missionaries. One such destination was central Asia, we’re Buddhism spread and later made its way to China, Japan, and Korea. Across his empire, Ashoka tried to rule as a moral prince, promoting civic virtue, and the moral welfare of the realm
Three conditions considered necessary to a democratic society are:
- Free elections;
- Freedom of speech;
- Peaceful and orderly transfer of political power.
- Capitalism, and economic and social system, is not a requirement for democracy. The development of a capitalist society may follow the establishment of a democratic state, but a society with many socialist elements can still be a democracy. Free elections, freedom of speech, and peaceful and orderly transfer of political power are required for a democracy.
Trade along the Silk Road during the Han period affected China’s culture by:
Allowing China to conquer more land to the west and go into Central Asia in search of “blood-sweating” horses that the Haun interpreted as being blessed by heaven.
- Trade over the silk road during the Han period created a demand for its most prized product –silk- from areas far to the west. For centuries, the Chinese had known and carefully guarded the secret to making silk, instituting decrees that made it punishable by death for anyone to reveal the secrets. Western desire for this magic fabric led to the establishment of overland routes between China and Central Asia. The silk Road was actually a network of routes that linked China to India, the Middle East, and the Roman empire. Many of the goods traded along the route were luxury items, which are often small and valuable, and thus highly profitable. Traders also carried ideas along their routes, like Buddhism. Hinduism was not a religion that spread outside India. One reason Chinese trade with Central Asia increased was that China wanted its swift horses, and horses that were believed to be blessed by heaven because they sweated blood, now known to be caused by a parasite. The social structure in Chinese society placed merchants just above slaves, partly because they were perceived as profiting from other peoples work, not their own.
The purpose of the harem in many Islamic courts was to serve as what?
A place of seclusion for all women of the imperial court.
- The Islamic concept of the harem was as a place of seclusion for all women of the imperial court. Women did receive a salary and some used their money to support philanthropies, and even, at times, to help fund the government when it was short of money. Typically those who were exiled from the court were permanently exiled by execution. Janissaries were Christian boys from the Balkan peninsula trained to be soldiers by the Ottoman Empire.
What were the initial goals of ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, which was established in 1967?
To accelerate economic development and promote political stability in the region.
- ASEAN, initially conceived as a bulwark against communism, was established in 1967 by the foreign ministers of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Its original focus was to accelerate economic development and promote stability in the region. They later focused on economics by signing cooperative agreements with Japan in 1977 and the European Community in 1980, and in 1992 setting up a free-trade zone and cutting tariffs.
Amnesty international is the example of:
NGO (Nongovernmental Organization).
Results of the industrial revolution:
- Important developments in transportation, including the steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane.
- Important development and communications, including the telegraph and radio.
- Agricultural improvements that made possible the provisions of food for a larger nonagricultural population.
- Science was increasingly used it industry during the Industrial Revolution.
Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933. What was one of his first official ask?
He began secretly building up Germany’s army and weapons.
- following his ascension to Chancellor in January 1933, Adolf Hitler almost immediately began secretly building of Germany’s army and weapons stockpile. In 1934, he increased the size of the army, commissioned of the construction of warships, and created a German Air Force. Compulsory military service was also introduced.
The policy promoted by Theodore Roosevelt and most explicitly pursued in Central America was the __
“Big Stick” policy
- Big Stick Diplomacy, as the United States press corps termed it, is based on Theodore Roosevelt’s invocation of an African proverb, “speak softly, and carry a big stick, you will go far,” to describe his belief that the United States had a moral imperative to all other interests out of the Western Hemisphere. Many political cartoons of the day depicted Roosevelt carrying a big stick and keeping the monopolists and European countries in line.
Fighting in the Cold War took the shape of__.
Military coalitions, espionage, and the space race.
- The Cold War was the period of conflict, tension, and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s. Throughout the period, the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in multiple arenas: military coalitions; ideology, psychology, and espionage; military, industrial, and technological developments, including the space race; costly defense spending; a massive conventional and nuclear arms race; and many proxy wars. Mercantilism was a seventeenth-century economic theory.
When did the Reign of Terror end?
When members of the Convention, afraid that Robespierre would turn on them, had him arrested.
- Concerned that foreign threats and internal chaos would end the Revolution, French revolutionaries created the Committee on Public Safety, which became an enforcer of the revolution and killed or arrested anyone who was suspected of being of being against the revolution. Led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins, the Committee on Public Safety unleashed what is not referred to as the “Reign of Terror” as it sought to eliminate all enemies of the French Revolution - both real and imagines - and wound up executing about 40,000 people and arresting about 300,000. It ended when Robspierre became a victim of the Reign of Terror when he and his supporters were arrested on July 27, 1794, and beheaded soon after.
The devastating effects of colonialism on the native population of Africa and the Americas:
- Settlement brought European diseases to the populations of other countries;
- Procurement of African slaves became an industry unto itself;
- Native American populations were eventually decimated.
c. This facilitated the growth of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century Britain:
The raw materials, such as iron, coal, and water, which were plentiful in supply and easy to access.
- The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and helped to make the country enormously powerful in the 19th century. Britain had the essential elements that a nation needed to to achieve economic success - the factors of production (land, labor, and capital). Many political and economic factors enabled the Industrial Revolution to begin and flourish in Britain. The colonies held by Britain provided both raw materials and markets for British goods. Its powerful navy defended its shipping, political stability at home encouraged commerce, and the enclosure movement allowed for efficient farming methods, but also pushed poor farmers out of farming and into cities looking for jobs. Also, private investment in businesses funded experiments for creating better products.
Lenin’s contributions to Marxism:
- His analysis of imperialism;
- His concept of a revolutionary party as a disciplined unit;
- His critique of monarchy.
- Race does not hold the same context in early 20th century Russia and modern Russia as discussed in the context of the United States. Race is referred to as ethnicity that divides Russia’s social structure. However, during Lenin’s lifetime, Russia was an ethnically homogeneous country. In Lenin’s writings one can find a critique of monarchy and imperialism. His concept of “vanguard” or disciplined revolutionary party is, perhaps, his biggest contribution to Marxist thought.
Why did Hitler gain support?
He promised to end Germany’s misfortunes by creating a German Reich, or empire, that would endure for thousands of years.
- Punishments Assessed on Germany with the Treaty of Versailles took all of Germany’s colonial possessions and gave them to Great Britain, France, and Japan. While Hitler had some supporters in the army and big business, he was viewed with some skepticism nu the Hindenburg government. While anti-Semitism certainty was a key element of National Socialist rule, the official goal of the Nazi regime was Jewish emigration. The orchestration of the systematic murder of Jews did not begin until the late 1930s.
Whose writings have inspired radical Islamic movements to turn to violence in order to achieve their aims?
Sayyid Qutb
- Syyid Qutb’s theoretical writings became the basis for many radical Islamic movements, including al-Qaeda, who believed that many of the governments in Muslim countries were corrupted by the West and should be overthrown. Qutb believed that the West was, at its heart, a corrupted culture. His dislike of the West intensified after he spent some time in 1949 studying at Colorado State Teacher’s College. He believed that the United States had a culture of greed and despaired over how poorly people of color had been treated throughout U.S. history, and in particular how he was treated as an Arab. He was repulsed with what he saw as the rampant sexuality of American culture and concluded that American culture had little to save it, as women, in his view, were promiscuous vixens, and and American men seemed obsessed with sports and allowed their women too much freedom. His writings warned Egypt that its fascination with “modernity” was misguided and that Islam offered liberation from the evils of Western society. He advocated jihad and asserted that violent resistance should be waged against regimes that claimed to be Muslim but did not act in accordance with Islamic precepts. He was later accused of plotting against the Egyptian government and was hanged in 1966.
Slobodan Milosevic’s plan that increases feelings of separatism and launched civil war in Yugoslavia was known as ___
Greater Serbia
- Slobodan Milosevic embraced Serbian nationalism with the dream of an ethnically pure Greater Serbia that launched almost a decade of war in the Balkans during the 1990s. During this period, Milosevic purged the Yugoslavian Army of non-Serbs and fomented unrest outside of Serbia in areas that had large numbers of Serbian minorities. in 1991, after Croatia, Serbia, and Macedonia declared their independence, Milosevic encouraged Croatian Serbs to take over large portions of Croatia. In 1992, Bosnian Serbs, supported by Milosevic’s military and paramilitary forces, rebelled, beginning a brutal struggle to “purify” Bosnia of its Muslim inhabitants. During the conflict, hundreds of thousands of Bosnians were killed, raped, or sent to concentration camps under Milosevic’s planned genocide. In 1998, when ethnic Albanians revolted in Kosovo, Milosevic sent in his military. NATO, fearing another ethnic cleansing, launched two months of air strikes until Milosevic finally agreed to withdraw. In 2001, Milosevic was arrested and handed over to the UN, which who took him to The Hague to stand trial for crimes against humanity. He dies in February 2004 while his trial was still in progress.
What has historically been the most important factor enabling societies to keep abreast of the latest technology?
Participation in global trade and communications networks.
- Technological innovations occur because of both need and opportunity. Central to this idea is the development of a global trade and communications network so that countries can have access to new technologies and ideas from other parts of the world. For instance, the relative ease of communication that the Abbasid Empire had between the Mediterranean Sea ant the Indus Valley enabled it to have access to resources and technology transfers between those areas of the world. China benefited from having the Silk Road, which facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and new technologies. A country that was more isolated had to rely only on its own ideas for technology improvements and, in turn, faced an enormous disadvantage in keeping up with new developments.
The Greeks considered the Trojan War as the first moment in history when ___
They came together as one people with a common purpose.
- Technically, the war wasn’t fought by the Greeks in the classical sense. It was fought by the Mycenaeans. Nevertheless, the Greeks saw the Trojan War as the first moment in history when they came together as one people with a common purpose.
Rome was at first ruled by kings. Then, in about 500 BCE, the Roman Republic was established, with two annually elected consuls at its head, guided by a senate. What form of government followed next?
Rome was ruled by a succession of emperors.
- About 500 BCE, the Roman Republic was established, with two annually elected consuls at its head, guided by a senate. The republic eventually weakened, and Rome passed to rule by one man - first Julius Caesar, who was assassinated in 44BCE, then Augustus, who assumed the title of emperor. Over the next few centuries, a succession of emperors followed.
The schism that split the Muslim community initially resulted because of ___
who would be best to lead the Muslim community after the death of the Prophet.
- The Prophet Muhammad did not select anyone to be his successor. As a result, after his death, there were disagreements between those who wanted a member of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of the Prophet, to rule and those who wanted the ruler to be elected by their peers. A group that supported Muhammad’s son-in-law and nephew, Ali, to be the saliph (successor), was known as the Party of Ali, or the Shi’s Ali, known as the Shi’ites. This group claimed that God (Allah) had given Ali and his descendants divine knowledge. The Sunnis, “followers of the way of the Prophet,” while holding Ali in high esteem, do not believe that he and his hereditary line are the chosen successors, and that the leaders of the Muslim community should be chosen by tradition and from a broad base of the people.
Mussolini’s Italy, Stalin’s Soviet Union, and Hitler’s Germany are all examples of what type of government?
Totalitarian
- There are political, social, and economic characteristics of totalitarian governments. Politically the state is considered more important than the individuals, a single political party controls the government, and a powerful dictator united the people and symbolizes the government. Socially the government controls all aspects of daily life, denying citizens basic rights and liberties and using secret police to enforce government policies through terror and violence. Economically, the government controls business and directs the national economy and used labor and business to fulfill the objectives of the state. Mussolini, Stalin, and Hitler all had totalitarian governments.
The ideology of nationalism in the 19th century was based on the realization that ___
The members of the national community were bound together by a common history, language, and culture.
- Typically the ideology of nationalism implies that there will be boundaries that create the political state. While religion does sometimes play a role in nationalist movements, it does not have to. Nationalism attempts to bind together diverse groups of people sharing a common history, language, and culture.
What first prompted the emergence of America as a world power?
The Spanish-American War and the acquisition of the Philippines.
- At the turn of the 20th century, the United States began to emerge as a world power with expansionist goals. The Spanish-American War and the acquisition of the Philippines launched the beginning of its move away from its earlier isolationist policies.
After the Battle of Buxar, the limited liability company changed from being a private company to being a regional power with responsibilities of tax collecting, administering justice, and providing security.
The British East India Company
- After the Battle of Buxar, the British East India Company became the divan of Bengal and assumed responsibility for tax collecting, administering justice, and providing security. The British government became increasingly concerned that its limited liability company was now acting as a government.
Similarities that women in the age of the Renaissance and Enlightenment shared across England, Spain, and Mughal India are:
- They inherited less than sons or brothers;
- They had few rights in the legal sphere;
- They were legally considered property of their husbands.
- Muslim women did NOT have the right to divorce.
What was the focus of Mayan cities?
Ceremonial Centers
- The cities the Mayans built were ceremonial centers. A priestly class lived in the cities, but for the most part the Maya population lived in small farming villages. The priestly class would carry out daily religious duties, particularly sacrifices, and the peasants would periodically gather for religious ceremonies or festivals.
4 characteristics of the Silk Road:
- TheSilk Road was not a trade route that existed solely for the purpose of trading in silk; many other commodities were also traded;
- The movement of people along the Silk Road correlates with the movement of religion and development of languages;
- Gold and ivory and even exotic animals were traded on the Silk Road.
- The Silk Road did not follow a single route. Crossing Central Asia, it branched off in several directions, passing through different oasis settlements.
This happened in African society from the forced migration of African males:
An increase in polygamy and multiple marriages.
- The Atlantic slave trade preferred men who could work under difficult labor conditions. Women who were left behind had a difficult time, as there were a disproportionate number of women. As a result, the numbers reinforced ideas of polygamy and multiple marriages. African societies were, quite often, already matrilineal societies.
This war demonstrated to OPEC that it not only shared economic, but also political, cooperation:
The Arab-Israeli War of 1973
- As a result of the Arab-Israeli War of 1973, the cartel ordered an embargo on oil shipments to Israel’s ally, the United States. As a result, the US suffered an oil crisis and the cost od petroleum triggered a global economic downturn. OPEC demonstrated that it could control the developed world by changing the price of oil at will.
3 occurrences of the Renaissance:
- The revival of learning based on classical sources;
- The development of perspective in painting;
- Advancements in science.
- The Renaissance saw the rise of courtly and papal patronage, and encompassed the revival of learning based on sources, the development of perspective in painting, and advancements in science.
This demographic change occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
New public health measures led to a healthier population with a longer life span.
- As more women became involved in the workplace and as public discussions for reform turned to birth control, fertility began to decline. Similarly, advances in health care and living conditions resulted in decreased mortality which ultimately led to long-term demographic stability.
The city of Sparta was characterized by ___
An emphasis on warfare.
- An emphasis on warfare stands out as the predominate trait f the Spartan city-state.
The Battle of Salamis was significant because:
It stranded the Persian army in Greece without naval support.
- The conflict between the Persians and the Greeks resulted in two separate invasions. During the second invasion, about 10 years after the first, the Persian ruler, Xerxes, sent hundreds of thousands of soldiers and sailors to Greece to avenge his father’s unexpected defeat at the Battle of Marathon. Athens and Sparta, two rival city-states, merged together to try and fend off the Persians. After trying to slow the Persians down through a heroic stand off of only 300 Spartans against the Persians at Thermopylae, the Greeks tried to avenge their defeat and prevent the Persians from getting their supplies after they had ransacked Athens. The Greeks lured Persian ships into the narrow Strait of Salamis near Athens. In what came to be known as the Battle of Salamis, the Persians could not maneuver their huge ships in the strait. Greek warships took advantage of this and sank about 300 Persian vessels, demoralizing what was left of the Persian navy.
How did the nature of colonialism change in the 17th century?
European nations became dependent on the trade and resources of their New World colonies.
- Trade was the key motivator for European colonialism. European ships traveled around the world in search of new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe.
Effects of the Columbian Exchange:
- Diseases like smallpox killed millions of Native Americans;
- The introduction of beasts of burden, like horses, provided Americans with a new source of labor and transportation;
- Nutritional benefits to the population helped people live longer
- There were both positive and negative effects of the Columbian Exchange. Europeans brought lands, food, and animals to the Americas. In return, the Europeans brought back corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and other food that both changed the European cuisine and better enabled European nutritional needs to be met. These and other foods traveled to Asia and Africa, no doubt contributing to a great worldwide population growth. On the negative side, Europeans brought diseases, such as smallpox, to the Americas that killed millions of Native Americans. In return, Europeans brought syphilis back to their lands. Antibiotics were not introduced until much later.
This contemporary conflict is an example of irredentism:
Kashmir
- Irredentism (Italian for “unredeemed”) is an attempt by existing states to annex territories of another state. The Kurd, Basque, and Roma conflicts are from stateless entities and are NOT an example of irredentism.
These documents embody the ideals of individual freedoms so commonly associated with the United States:
The Declaration of Independence and The Constitution.
- Both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution outline the freedom on which the United States was founded. While Hong Kong’s “de facto” constitution, known as the Basic Law, enshrines freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, the hitch is that Hong King answers to Beijing, which has chipped away at those freedoms.
These topics fall within the scope of political science:
- Structure of government;
- Political institutions;
- Politics
- Political science studies and analyzes the structure of government and other political institutions, and politics in general.
What are civil liberties?
Fundamental individual rights given to all citizens by law.
- The critical word is “civil”, which refers to the law. Human rights include civil liberties, but the term implies other rights not yet recognized by law. Natural rights derive from natural law, not civil law.
This would occur first in the Congressional law-making process:
A mark-up session.
- Getting a bill through Congress is a complicated process. Before a bill can be called for a vote, several things must happen. A mark-up session would occur first in the Congressional law-making process, usually at the subcommittee level. A final committee decision on a bill would occur next. Both logrolling and pork would occur during full floor debate, or the second reading of the bill. A conference committee session would occur after a final vote had been taken in each house and the bill had passed each, but in different versions.
Why did the framers of the U.S. Constitution design the system of checks and balances?
To maintain parity of power between the branches of government.
- The 3 branches of government created a system of checks and balances that would prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful, thus protecting the people from an oppressive government.
If the House of Representatives and the Senate pass a similar, but not identical, version of a bill, what results?
A conference committee is called between the houses to fashion a single compromise bill.
- Typically, the House and Senate will pass different versions of a bill on similar subject matter. When this happens, a Conference (orJoint) Committee is formed. This involved key members from affected committees and constituencies from both the House and the Senate to work out a single compromise version of the bill. After the compromise version is completed, it goes back to both the House and Senate for a vote.
Article 1 of the US Constitution creates:
A bicameral legislature.
- Our federal system of government includes a bicameral legislature - the Senate and the House of Representatives - established in Article 1 of the Constitution.
True statements of the legislative branch:
- Senate members were originally chosen by the state legislatures;
- The House was granted some exclusive powers such as the power to initiate revenue bills and impeach officials;
- The Constitution provides that the approval of both Houses is necessary for the passage of legislation.
- it is NOT TRUE that both the House and Senate must confirm the Supreme Court nominees.
Within the US Supreme Court, the “ruler of four” describes the number of justices needed to:
Accept a case for judicial review.
- In the United States Supreme Court, 4 of the 9 justices must agree to accept a case, or issue a Writ of Certiorari. The only time that case precedent is overturned is via court rulings, which would generally call for a vote of 5 justices. The court itself does not confirm or deny chief justice appointees; rather the US Senate does. Oral arguments are set at 30 minutes per side in any given case by informal amendment. Only Congress could change the numerical size of the Court from its current 9, which is unlikely to happen.
This state most accurately describes the legal status in the United States of marriage licenses, birth certificates, a final will and testament, and the other “basic” legal documents:
These documents are legally respected through the US, according to Article IV of the Constitution.
These issues caused conflict among the framers of the US Constitution:
- Slavery;
- Power of the President;
- Large v. Small States
- While the framers of the Constitution grappled with the issues of slavery, presidential power, and the role of large v. small states, among others, they all agreed that the new nation needed a system of checks and balances to check the innate selfishness of human nature.
For what length of term are federal judges appointed?
Life
- Federal judges are appointed for life by the president.
Thomas Hobbes viewed the social contract primarily as a means of:
Maintaining order to escape the violent chaos of nature.
- Hobbes believed that if society were left to its natural state, people would act violently because they would be inclined to try to prevent their own deaths and try to gain the power that they inherently crave. Hobbes argues in “The Leviathan” that people had drawn up a social contract among themselves to give up power to someone who could protect them. So, he believed society was all too willing to give up liberty in return for security and community. For Hobbes, the social contract justified the need for an absolute ruler who would take care of the people.
___ is true of the First Amendment’s right of assembly.
Time and restrictions may regulate such assembly.
- Even though the First Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of speech, there are limitations. Issues such as potential traffic problems, state of national emergency, permission to be on private property, etc., may indeed limit expression that would otherwise be protected by the First Amendment.
How does the US Constitution provide for political parties?
Political parties are not mentioned in the Constitution.
- The Constitution does not mention political parties. in fact, “factions” with “jealousies and false alarms” were feared to cause damage to the country. Political parties were thought of as searching for profit not providing for the common good.
These are primarily the responsibilities of the states:
- Ensuring public safety;
- Administering and certifying elections;
- Recording birth and death certificates.
How are local governments chartered?
A local government is chartered according to its state’s constitution.
- A local government is chartered according to its state’s constitution. Just as the policies enacted by the state government must not conflict with federal law, a local government is subject to the legal environment created by the state’s constitution and statutes.
3 criteria to become President of the United States:
- Over 35 years old;
- Natural-born US citizen;
- US resident for at least 14 years.
- Military service is not a requirement, although many residents and presidential candidates have served in the US military.
This best defines “realism” in the context of international relations:
Nation-states are the basic governmental unit and there is no authority above individual nations.
- Realism has been one of the dominate forces guiding international relations theory and influencing foreign policy, especially since the end of WWII. Realism is an international theory that holds that nation-states are the basic governmental unit and there is no authority above individual nations.
Government by the many is called ___
Democracy.
- Government by the many is what we have in the US: a constitutional democracy.
This term is closely related to “autocracy”:
Despotism.
- Another related term for “autocracy”, more commonly used in the past, is “despotism”, or rule by a despot.
In global politics today, many governmental organizations have an important role. One example of an intergovernmental organization is:
The United Nations.
- US President Franklin D. Roosevelt coined the term “United Nations” in 1942 as he described the 26 nations that pledged their resources to fight the Axis Powers. The United Nations, as an organization, came into existence in October 1945 and is a multi-purpose intergovernmental organization tackling international issues and problems. The UN promotes in a variety of social, cultural, economical, health, and humanitarian activities.
Which article of the US Bill of Rights states in part that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion”?
The First Amendment.
- Most people remember Article 1 of the Bill of Rights as the “free speech” article. It states: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right go the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
The War of Powers Resolution of 1973 may be invoked by Congress to accomplish what?
Limit the period for which the president may deploy troops abroad in hostile situations.
- The War of Power Resolutions stipulated that the president can deploy troops abroad in situations where hostilities are imminent for only 60 days, unless Congress approves a longer deployment, declares war, or cannot meet because the nation is under attack.
The War of Powers does NOT authorize congress to prevent the initial deployment of troops abroad by the president.
The Constitution gives Congress the power to declare war. The usual procedure begins with a request from the president for a declaration of war, which is then adopted by the Congress by joint resolution and signed by the president. The War of Powers did nothing to change this procedure.
The War of Powers has nothing to do with extradition of foreign ambassadors.
The modern democratic state in which the people do NOT take a direct role in legislative or governing, but elect representatives to express their views and wants, is called:
A Republic.
- The United States is a republic. The modern democratic state is usually a republic, in which the people do not take a direct role in legislating or governing, but left representatives to express their views and wants. A democratic government exists when these representatives are freely chosen by the people, whose demands are then recognized by the duty elected government.
Characteristics of mental maps:
- Unnecessary details are left out;
- Includes an awareness that the destinations or objects exist;
- May include reference points.
- Mental maps are used whenever individuals think about a place or how to get to a place. They are highly personal and idiosyncratic and usually contain both objective knowledge ad subjective projections.
These are examples of human influence on the ecosystem:
- Cutting off forests has resulted in erosion and flooding.
- Untreated sewage and runoffs lead to water pollution.
- Nuclear plant waste leading to thermal pollution.
- Farming has exposed soil to the weather, promoting erosion and the loss of topsoil.
- Human influence on the ecosystem has been tremendous. Humans have significantly altered the process like soil generation, the water cycle, waste removal, energy, and nutrient recycling.
This is a nonrenewable resource:
Coal.
- Non-renewable resources are those which are found in fixed amounts and usually are found in the ground. They are not living things, they don’t re-grow, and are not renewed quickly, if at all. Non-renewable resources take longer than a person’s lifetime to be replaced. Examples of non-renewable resources are fossil fuels, like natural gas, coal, oil, and minerals.
These are chief accomplishments of genetically modified crops, like soybeans, corn, transgenic cotton, and canola:
- Herbicide Resistance;
- Insect Resistance;
- Increases in productivity.
- Proponents of genetically modified foods herald the arrival of these improvements because the herbicide - and insect-resistant crops have helped productivity and driven down the cost of producing food. Opponents to genetically modified crops suggest that these developments do more to especially help the big corporate farmers than consumers and are wary of the long-term effects these genetically modified foods may have on society.
