TEST 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Physiology
A
Study of morphology
- physical behavior and adaptations
- looks at how animals go about solving the problems of life
2
Q
Physiology related to other sciences?
A
Evolution provides brick to biological thought physiology holds to place
3
Q
Physiology is often refers to as..
A
The queen of biological sciences
Cuz all sciences fall under physiology umbrella
4
Q
George bartholomew calls physiology
A
An old mans game
5
Q
Domain ecological physiology
A
Stress test
Adaption
6
Q
Stress test
A
HOW individual organisms handle various environmental factors
Define tolerance limits
7
Q
Adaption
A
Determines tactics animals use to make up life history stragity
Answers now what or how but to understand the why
8
Q
Just so story
A
Stories of proposed reason
Hypotheses which require further resource
9
Q
Frederick e.j fry
A
Physiology teacher
The effects of the environment in animal activity
He says animals only have 5 adaptations
Fry paradigm
10
Q
Fry paradigm
A
Lethal factors
Controlling factors
Limiting factors
Regulatory factors
Directing factor
11
Q
Lethal factors
A
Death
12
Q
Controlling factors
A
Set pace/rate of metabolism and development
13
Q
Limiting factors
A
Remove metabolites limiting metabolic performance
14
Q
Regulatory factors
A
If something is off it has to take from other areas making them weaker
15
Q
Directing factors
A
Attraction or avoidance
16
Q
Knut Schmidt Nielsen
A
Water balance, salt excretion and heat and nitrogen balance
17
Q
George bartholomew
A
Inductive reasoning
Developed animal environment approach
18
Q
Per scholander
A
Attic animal
Animal diving phsy
19
Q
5 important cell membrain functions that make electrical events possible
A
- act as free barriers of defusion (regulates what comes in and out)
- process where you spend a little energy to move something outside of the cell (exocytosis and excreation)
- receptors concept
- modles sometimes have charge
- anytime you have a potential energy source you can make work
20
Q
steady ionic state
A
colegraphy property of state
21
Q
four important charateristics that establish the inonic steady state
A
- differental permability membrane
- concentration gradient on either side of the membrain
- electricle charge on membrane
- active molecular pumps
22
Q
permeability
A
the rate at which a substance passively penetrates the membrane under a given set of conditions
23
Q
permeability of cell
viscosity
A
easier to run in air than in water
- high V means lower permeability
- determined by steral content #1 is colesteral
24
Q
permeability of cell
thickness of membrain
A
thickness== harder to get across thinnner= all in example lungs
25
permeability of cell
| the presents of channels
water can move through a lot of membranes only in channels for water.
-osmotic wide open channels
26
permeability of cell
| size of deffison molecule
- small M goes across easier if its uncharged but if it charged then sodium electro which makes hydration cell which makes its the harded
- smallest ions have highest electronegativity which is the hardest to get through
charged
27
what major insights have emerged from physiology
- body size
- behavior
- adequency not perfection
- animals adapted to enviorment
- organismal reponces to change are complex
28
animal function
determining energy availability
--energy budgets
antoine lavoisier
-- founder of animal bioelec
29
temp
- abiotic master factor
| - cold blooded are quality as well as quantity
30
body size
-know as LAW OF ALLOMETRY size relationship affect metabolism, growth, movement
31
behavior
first line of defense against enviormental change
| -animal behavior is determined by enviorment
32
adequacy
not perfection
| -are a good as they need to be, not as good as they can be
33
animals are adapted to environment
natural world is organized and ordenry
| --animals dont end up in habitat by chance
34
law if emergent properties
as complexity increases from level to level in biological hierarchy properties emerge
35
chemical potential effects permeability
concentration gradient
36
electrical concentration gradient effects permeability by
if it has a charge on it it does work
37
proteins
- can be used for enzymes
- made up of amino acids
- -*polypeptides== short chain of amino acids (normally negative)
38
Donnan equilibrium
allows to set up electrical gradient to maintain unequal cells on each side of the gradient
39
sodium patassium pump
- 3Na out
- 2 k in
- expendure of energy
- 120mv differental from inside to outside
40
rio genetic current
electrons. every living cell has this
41
polarized
+ on the outside and - on the inside
42
Rate of net solute flow (j net)= CONDUCTANCE of the solute * DRIVING FORCES
```
A= area
D= diffusion
c= solute concentraion
z= charge of the solute
x= distance
r= gass constant
```
43
ficks law of diffusion
J= -AD (dc/dx)
- A= surface area for diffusion
- D= permeabilityof membrain
- dc/dx is the chemical potential
44
resting potentials
steady ionic state
45
excitable state
action potential
| -low permability
46
patassium permabilty is
70mv
47
nernst equation
Vm=RT/z? ln c1/c2
-20 times more concentrated inside than outside 20:1 2.99
48
why would we get different mv
other ions have other permabilty numbers
49
goldman adjustment
long ass equation
-patasiom so permable it equals to 1
calcuim not in equation cuz so imperable
50
what ion determines the resting potential?
potassiom
51
resting potential for sodium would be
55mv
- sodium has alot of potential really high electro gradient
52
potassium, when charged in threshold hits zero, its dead
same in and same out
53
3 gates and channels
- - ligan gated channels
- -voltage gated channels
- mechanical gated channels
54
ligan gated channels
biological molecules some type that alter and change potential
55
voltage gated channels
voltage change it triggers the gate
56
mechanical- gated channels
deffermated of cell membraine
57
hodgkins cycle
first to describe at a single point
58
hodgkin cycle
| - local response
stimulous too low to make perminate and how add more and open volatage gates which makes active potential
59
keeps going past zero its
overshoot
60
rectified gates
move in only one direction
61
when stimulate
you get qll or none response
| -can ass stemuil that slow
62
depolerization
above zero
63
hyper polerization
below threshold
64
absolute refratory period
when you cant send anymore signals
65
reflective refracting period
molecular pumps store all back
66
acomodation
need higher threshold
67
habituation or central habituation
cells undergo changes that will cause not to react to stemuli
-turkey smell story,, doesnt shut off everything only certian things
68
nerological cells
| epindenal cells
found in verts with craniums
-in brain and spinal cords in the holow nerve cord cuz of spinal canal
prduces celebral spinal fluid which cussions any hits
--Why we have it? our verts are so complex so we keep it seperate fluids from body
69
nerogleo cell
astrocites
star like shape
- reason..
1. support for neurons
2. produce substance for neurons
70
swan cells
help insilate axon which makes up of phospholipid bilayer so it insulates the axon
***periferal nervous
71
aligadendcytes
can form sheets on lots of neurons
- same funcation as swan cells
* *central nervous
72
microgleal cells
for immunity and break down thing not supposed to be there
- not as goood as antibodies
- only in central nervous system
- fagacytes
73
multi polar neuron
only count where it branches from body
74
only one axon
axon function is to just take the signal
75
if scwhan cells are naked then
it skin
76
rectification
moves in one direction
77
nero transmiter substances
- nora epinepheran
- epaniferan ( adrinaline)
- asedocoline
- gaba
we find these among lots of animals kingdom but may have differnent jobs
78
classify nerons by
morphology
79
unipolar neurons
generaly neurons bringing signle back
80
bipolar neurons
smell vs vision
81
way to improve speedof neron
- type to improve speed
- dianimeter neuron
- modification to axon
82
efaptic transmition
creates flow which is unpolorized
83
giant neurons
doesnt mean nerons are big, but relative to animal size it is bigger than traditional neurons
84
in gerneral inverts have slower transmition speed compared to verts
arthropids and annilds
85
neurotransmitters found in all animal groups
acetyholine
86
neurons have no more than one axon
true
87
how action potential rectification is maintained on an individual neuron
absolute refractory period
88
which is not a neuralgia cell
dendrocyte
89
another name for presynaptic membrane
axon baton
90
the resting potential of an electrically excitable cell can be derived from the
goldmans adjustment
91
k is the most concentrated inorganic ion in the cytosol
true
92
an action which produces differing effects depending on body size is explained by
the law of allometry
93
for every turn of the na/k pump
3 na are exchanged for two k
94
define the term ion and give example
charged particle. na+
95
which of the following is not a re adaptive cell function necessary for the evolution integrative nervous control
inter cellular glycolysis
96
the surface area A and diffusion coefficient
| D, when multiplied together, define what key feature of the diffusion process
coefficent permability
97
what is a limiting factor
a factor that sets limits on your distribution
98
the just so stories attempt to answer the
why
99
determine the ultimate causation of a trait or adaptation involves identifying the evolutionary pressures that produce the trait
true
100
nerve receptors
- must have primary receptors which filter info
| - epithelial cells= secondary cells
101
nerve
| relaying info
motor neuron: relay from receptor to EFFECTOR CELLS
102
nerve
| responder
effector cells
103
divergence
once neuron, many responses
104
convergence
many neuron, one response
| -local responce
105
feed back loops
initiate response and keeps it going
106
independent effectors
independent of nerve systems
| example..paramecium and jelly fish tenticles
107
independent receptors
sponge pores
108
jelly fish nerve net
radial animal cant have central nervous systems so they have nerve nets
- sense environment from all sides
- have moter reflex response
1. fast specific nerve net
2. slow diffused nerve net
these two dont communicate with each other
109
slow diffused nerve net
multi polar neurons
| -slow movements
110
bilateral symmetry
| -reduction and reflex moter responces
are useful to simple animals
111
bilateral symmetry
| -cephalization
- aggregation of sensory receptors (head)
| - sensory receptors are located to sensory nervous system
112
bilateral symmetry
| -centralization of nervous control
- larger nerve cluster with specialized features
1. ganglia= aggregation of neuronal tissue outside of nervous system
2. aggregated of nucli= we have more nucli, protects nervous system better
113
bilateral symmetry
| -centralization of nervous control
- realy fast nervous interpretation
| - nervous system dictated how they react to the enviorment
114
flat worms
- nerve net like
- can have 5 pairs of nerve cords
- NERVE LATTERS= between 2 major nerve cords
115
flat worms
| --endom
there verson of a brain
116
mollusks
2 pair of nerve cord
| -one pair goes to foot and one pair goes to viseral nerve cord
117
annalids
| --earthworms
- have cerebrial ganglia (brain)
- 2 nerve cords
- fusion takes place in each segment
118
insects
| protocerebrum-
receives info from compund eye and gets visual responce
119
insects
| -tritoceribrum
picks up from mouth and digestive system
120
insects
| -deutroceribrum
antenna
- segmental ganglia
- central pattern genorators = wings come out
121
verts brain
| --rhombencephalon
hind brain
- spinal cord goes into cranial valt
- cerebellum= sensitive to stretch and bending (movement)
122
verts brian
| --mesecphalon
mid brain
- less developed in verts
- takes care of auditory regualtion
123
verts brain
| --prosence phalon
fore brain
in two parts
1. dion cephalon= control hypothalamus
2. fallus cephalon= greatest expansion and growth
and higher prossesing
