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TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

Study of morphology

  • physical behavior and adaptations
  • looks at how animals go about solving the problems of life
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2
Q

Physiology related to other sciences?

A

Evolution provides brick to biological thought physiology holds to place

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3
Q

Physiology is often refers to as..

A

The queen of biological sciences

Cuz all sciences fall under physiology umbrella

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4
Q

George bartholomew calls physiology

A

An old mans game

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5
Q

Domain ecological physiology

A

Stress test

Adaption

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6
Q

Stress test

A

HOW individual organisms handle various environmental factors

Define tolerance limits

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7
Q

Adaption

A

Determines tactics animals use to make up life history stragity

Answers now what or how but to understand the why

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8
Q

Just so story

A

Stories of proposed reason

Hypotheses which require further resource

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9
Q

Frederick e.j fry

A

Physiology teacher
The effects of the environment in animal activity

He says animals only have 5 adaptations

Fry paradigm

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10
Q

Fry paradigm

A

Lethal factors

Controlling factors

Limiting factors

Regulatory factors

Directing factor

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11
Q

Lethal factors

A

Death

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12
Q

Controlling factors

A

Set pace/rate of metabolism and development

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13
Q

Limiting factors

A

Remove metabolites limiting metabolic performance

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14
Q

Regulatory factors

A

If something is off it has to take from other areas making them weaker

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15
Q

Directing factors

A

Attraction or avoidance

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16
Q

Knut Schmidt Nielsen

A

Water balance, salt excretion and heat and nitrogen balance

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17
Q

George bartholomew

A

Inductive reasoning

Developed animal environment approach

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18
Q

Per scholander

A

Attic animal

Animal diving phsy

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19
Q

5 important cell membrain functions that make electrical events possible

A
  • act as free barriers of defusion (regulates what comes in and out)
  • process where you spend a little energy to move something outside of the cell (exocytosis and excreation)
  • receptors concept
  • modles sometimes have charge
  • anytime you have a potential energy source you can make work
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20
Q

steady ionic state

A

colegraphy property of state

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21
Q

four important charateristics that establish the inonic steady state

A
  • differental permability membrane
  • concentration gradient on either side of the membrain
  • electricle charge on membrane
  • active molecular pumps
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22
Q

permeability

A

the rate at which a substance passively penetrates the membrane under a given set of conditions

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23
Q

permeability of cell

viscosity

A

easier to run in air than in water

  • high V means lower permeability
  • determined by steral content #1 is colesteral
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24
Q

permeability of cell

thickness of membrain

A 
thickness== harder to get across
thinnner= all in example lungs
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25
Q

permeability of cell

the presents of channels

A

water can move through a lot of membranes only in channels for water.
-osmotic wide open channels

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26
Q

permeability of cell

size of deffison molecule

A
  • small M goes across easier if its uncharged but if it charged then sodium electro which makes hydration cell which makes its the harded
  • smallest ions have highest electronegativity which is the hardest to get through

charged

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27
Q

what major insights have emerged from physiology

A
  • body size
  • behavior
  • adequency not perfection
  • animals adapted to enviorment
  • organismal reponces to change are complex
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28
Q

animal function

A

determining energy availability
–energy budgets

antoine lavoisier
– founder of animal bioelec

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29
Q

temp

A
  • abiotic master factor

- cold blooded are quality as well as quantity

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30
Q

body size

A

-know as LAW OF ALLOMETRY size relationship affect metabolism, growth, movement

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31
Q

behavior

A

first line of defense against enviormental change

-animal behavior is determined by enviorment

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32
Q

adequacy

A

not perfection

-are a good as they need to be, not as good as they can be

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33
Q

animals are adapted to environment

A

natural world is organized and ordenry

–animals dont end up in habitat by chance

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34
Q

law if emergent properties

A

as complexity increases from level to level in biological hierarchy properties emerge

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35
Q

chemical potential effects permeability

A

concentration gradient

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36
Q

electrical concentration gradient effects permeability by

A

if it has a charge on it it does work

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37
Q

proteins

A
  • can be used for enzymes
  • made up of amino acids
  • -*polypeptides== short chain of amino acids (normally negative)
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38
Q

Donnan equilibrium

A

allows to set up electrical gradient to maintain unequal cells on each side of the gradient

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39
Q

sodium patassium pump

A
  • 3Na out
  • 2 k in
  • expendure of energy
  • 120mv differental from inside to outside
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40
Q

rio genetic current

A

electrons. every living cell has this

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41
Q

polarized

A

+ on the outside and - on the inside

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42
Q

Rate of net solute flow (j net)= CONDUCTANCE of the solute * DRIVING FORCES

A 
A= area
D= diffusion
c= solute concentraion
z= charge of the solute
x= distance 
r= gass constant
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43
Q

ficks law of diffusion

A

J= -AD (dc/dx)

  • A= surface area for diffusion
  • D= permeabilityof membrain
  • dc/dx is the chemical potential
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44
Q

resting potentials

A

steady ionic state

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45
Q

excitable state

A

action potential

-low permability

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46
Q

patassium permabilty is

A

70mv

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47
Q

nernst equation

A

Vm=RT/z? ln c1/c2

-20 times more concentrated inside than outside 20:1 2.99

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48
Q

why would we get different mv

A

other ions have other permabilty numbers

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49
Q

goldman adjustment

A

long ass equation

-patasiom so permable it equals to 1
calcuim not in equation cuz so imperable

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50
Q

what ion determines the resting potential?

A

potassiom

51
Q

resting potential for sodium would be

A

55mv

  • sodium has alot of potential really high electro gradient
52
Q

potassium, when charged in threshold hits zero, its dead

A

same in and same out

53
Q

3 gates and channels

A
    • ligan gated channels
  • -voltage gated channels
  • mechanical gated channels
54
Q

ligan gated channels

A

biological molecules some type that alter and change potential

55
Q

voltage gated channels

A

voltage change it triggers the gate

56
Q

mechanical- gated channels

A

deffermated of cell membraine

57
Q

hodgkins cycle

A

first to describe at a single point

58
Q

hodgkin cycle

- local response

A

stimulous too low to make perminate and how add more and open volatage gates which makes active potential

59
Q

keeps going past zero its

A

overshoot

60
Q

rectified gates

A

move in only one direction

61
Q

when stimulate

A

you get qll or none response

-can ass stemuil that slow

62
Q

depolerization

A

above zero

63
Q

hyper polerization

A

below threshold

64
Q

absolute refratory period

A

when you cant send anymore signals

65
Q

reflective refracting period

A

molecular pumps store all back

66
Q

acomodation

A

need higher threshold

67
Q

habituation or central habituation

A

cells undergo changes that will cause not to react to stemuli

-turkey smell story,, doesnt shut off everything only certian things

68
Q

nerological cells

epindenal cells

A

found in verts with craniums
-in brain and spinal cords in the holow nerve cord cuz of spinal canal
prduces celebral spinal fluid which cussions any hits
–Why we have it? our verts are so complex so we keep it seperate fluids from body

69
Q

nerogleo cell

astrocites

A

star like shape

  • reason..
    1. support for neurons
    2. produce substance for neurons
70
Q

swan cells

A

help insilate axon which makes up of phospholipid bilayer so it insulates the axon
***periferal nervous

71
Q

aligadendcytes

A

can form sheets on lots of neurons

  • same funcation as swan cells
  • *central nervous
72
Q

microgleal cells

A

for immunity and break down thing not supposed to be there

  • not as goood as antibodies
  • only in central nervous system
  • fagacytes
73
Q

multi polar neuron

A

only count where it branches from body

74
Q

only one axon

A

axon function is to just take the signal

75
Q

if scwhan cells are naked then

A

it skin

76
Q

rectification

A

moves in one direction

77
Q

nero transmiter substances

A
  • nora epinepheran
  • epaniferan ( adrinaline)
  • asedocoline
  • gaba

we find these among lots of animals kingdom but may have differnent jobs

78
Q

classify nerons by

A

morphology

79
Q

unipolar neurons

A

generaly neurons bringing signle back

80
Q

bipolar neurons

A

smell vs vision

81
Q

way to improve speedof neron

A
  • type to improve speed
  • dianimeter neuron
  • modification to axon
82
Q

efaptic transmition

A

creates flow which is unpolorized

83
Q

giant neurons

A

doesnt mean nerons are big, but relative to animal size it is bigger than traditional neurons

84
Q

in gerneral inverts have slower transmition speed compared to verts

A

arthropids and annilds

85
Q

neurotransmitters found in all animal groups

A

acetyholine

86
Q

neurons have no more than one axon

A

true

87
Q

how action potential rectification is maintained on an individual neuron

A

absolute refractory period

88
Q

which is not a neuralgia cell

A

dendrocyte

89
Q

another name for presynaptic membrane

A

axon baton

90
Q

the resting potential of an electrically excitable cell can be derived from the

A

goldmans adjustment

91
Q

k is the most concentrated inorganic ion in the cytosol

A

true

92
Q

an action which produces differing effects depending on body size is explained by

A

the law of allometry

93
Q

for every turn of the na/k pump

A

3 na are exchanged for two k

94
Q

define the term ion and give example

A

charged particle. na+

95
Q

which of the following is not a re adaptive cell function necessary for the evolution integrative nervous control

A

inter cellular glycolysis

96
Q

the surface area A and diffusion coefficient

D, when multiplied together, define what key feature of the diffusion process

A

coefficent permability

97
Q

what is a limiting factor

A

a factor that sets limits on your distribution

98
Q

the just so stories attempt to answer the

A

why

99
Q

determine the ultimate causation of a trait or adaptation involves identifying the evolutionary pressures that produce the trait

A

true

100
Q

nerve receptors

A
  • must have primary receptors which filter info

- epithelial cells= secondary cells

101
Q

nerve

relaying info

A

motor neuron: relay from receptor to EFFECTOR CELLS

102
Q

nerve

responder

A

effector cells

103
Q

divergence

A

once neuron, many responses

104
Q

convergence

A

many neuron, one response

-local responce

105
Q

feed back loops

A

initiate response and keeps it going

106
Q

independent effectors

A

independent of nerve systems

example..paramecium and jelly fish tenticles

107
Q

independent receptors

A

sponge pores

108
Q

jelly fish nerve net

A

radial animal cant have central nervous systems so they have nerve nets

  • sense environment from all sides
  • have moter reflex response
  1. fast specific nerve net
  2. slow diffused nerve net
    these two dont communicate with each other
109
Q

slow diffused nerve net

A

multi polar neurons

-slow movements

110
Q

bilateral symmetry

-reduction and reflex moter responces

A

are useful to simple animals

111
Q

bilateral symmetry

-cephalization

A
  • aggregation of sensory receptors (head)

- sensory receptors are located to sensory nervous system

112
Q

bilateral symmetry

-centralization of nervous control

A
  • larger nerve cluster with specialized features
    1. ganglia= aggregation of neuronal tissue outside of nervous system
  1. aggregated of nucli= we have more nucli, protects nervous system better
113
Q

bilateral symmetry

-centralization of nervous control

A
  • realy fast nervous interpretation

- nervous system dictated how they react to the enviorment

114
Q

flat worms

A
  • nerve net like
  • can have 5 pairs of nerve cords
  • NERVE LATTERS= between 2 major nerve cords
115
Q

flat worms

–endom

A

there verson of a brain

116
Q

mollusks

A

2 pair of nerve cord

-one pair goes to foot and one pair goes to viseral nerve cord

117
Q

annalids

–earthworms

A
  • have cerebrial ganglia (brain)
  • 2 nerve cords
  • fusion takes place in each segment
118
Q

insects

protocerebrum-

A

receives info from compund eye and gets visual responce

119
Q

insects

-tritoceribrum

A

picks up from mouth and digestive system

120
Q

insects

-deutroceribrum

A

antenna

  • segmental ganglia
  • central pattern genorators = wings come out
121
Q

verts brain

–rhombencephalon

A

hind brain

  • spinal cord goes into cranial valt
  • cerebellum= sensitive to stretch and bending (movement)
122
Q

verts brian

–mesecphalon

A

mid brain

  • less developed in verts
  • takes care of auditory regualtion
123
Q

verts brain

–prosence phalon

A

fore brain
in two parts
1. dion cephalon= control hypothalamus

  1. fallus cephalon= greatest expansion and growth
    and higher prossesing

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