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General Psychology > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Sensory Neurons

Receive Signals

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2
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Motor Neurons

Send Signals

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3
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

all of your nerves besides the brain or spinal cord

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5
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

responsible for sending and receiving messages between the body and the brain
(made up of afferent and efferent nerves)

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Nerves involved in arousing and calming the body

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7
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

activates the body, uses energy, fight or flight mode

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8
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

calms body, reserves energy

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9
Q

Sensation

A

stimulation of sensory neurons and transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system

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10
Q

Perception

A

organization and interpretation of sensations that forms your view of the world

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11
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the weakest amount of stimulation needed to provide a sensation

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12
Q

Subliminal Stimulation

A

sensory stimulation that happened below the absolute threshold (i.e., below the amount needed to be recognized)

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13
Q

Difference Threshold

A

the minimal difference between stimuli that is needed to tell them apart

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14
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

the minimal difference between stimuli that you can detect

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15
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

the perception of sensory stimuli depends on a combination of physical, biological, and psychological factors

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16
Q

Feature Detectors

A

sensory neurons that fire in response to particular features (such as edges, depth, length, textures, etc.)

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17
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

process of becoming more sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude and less sensitive to stimuli that remains the same

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18
Q

Visible Light

A

the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulate the eye and produces visual sensations

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19
Q

Cornea

A

transparent covering of the eye

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20
Q

Iris

A

the colorful part of the eye; dilation regulates how much light enters the eye

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21
Q

Pupil

A

black center of the eye; where light enters the eye

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22
Q

Lens

A

behind the iris; focuses the image on the retina

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23
Q

Retina

A

area of the inner surface of the eye; contains rods and cones

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24
Q

Photoreceptors

A

cells that respond to light

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25
Q

Optic Nerve

A

the nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain

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26
Q

Rods

A

photoreceptor that is sensitive to how bright or dim light is; allow us to see in black and white

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27
Q

Cones

A

photoreceptor that is sensitive to color

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28
Q

Fovea

A

area at the center of the retina; full of cones

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29
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A 
states that color vision is the result of three types of cones
cones that:
-respond to red light
-respond to blue light
-respond to green light
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30
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A 
states that color vision is the result of three types of cones
cones that:
-respond to red or green light
-respond to blue or yellow light
-respond to intensity of light
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31
Q

Proximity

A

nearness; grouping objects that are near each other

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32
Q

Similarity

A

grouping objects that look similar

33
Q

Continuity

A

the perception that a series of points or lines are continuous

34
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

the use of knowledge or information to organize parts of a pattern

35
Q

Bottom-Down Processing

A

Organizing parts of a pattern to recognize the pattern you make

36
Q

Gate Theory

A

states that the nervous system can only process a limited amount of stimulation at a time

37
Q

Approach-Approach Conflict

A

both goals are desirable and within reach

38
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A
  • you want to avoid both goals because both outcomes are undesirable
  • if you avoid one goal, then you approach the other
39
Q

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

a goal is desirable and undesirable at the same time

40
Q

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

several different choices, each have pros and cons

41
Q

Consciousness

A
  • sensory awareness of the world
  • inner awareness of thoughts and feelings
  • selective attention
  • awareness of your waking state
42
Q

Preconscious

A

not in your awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing on it

43
Q

Unconscious

A

without consciousness; not available in your awareness

44
Q

Nonconscious

A

bodily processes that cannot become conscious

45
Q

Insomnia

A

can’t fall asleep, stay asleep, or wake up in the morning

46
Q

Narcolepsy

A

“sleep attack” where the person spontaneously and randomly falls asleep

47
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

stop breathing while sleeping for a short period of time

48
Q

Sleep Terrors

A

frightening, dreamlike experiences that happen during NREM

49
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleep walking

50
Q

Enuresis

A

bed wetting

51
Q

Explicit Memory

A

memory of specific information

52
Q

Episodic Memory

A

what you remember; memories of events that happened to you

53
Q

Semantic Memory

A

what you know; general knowledge

54
Q

Implicit Memory

A

memory that is suggested but not directly expressed

55
Q

Procedural Memory

A

memory of how to do something or skills you have learned

56
Q

Priming

A

activation of associations in memory without making a conscious effort to access the memory

57
Q

Retrospective Memory

A

memory for past events

58
Q

Prospective Memory

A

memory to perform an act in the future

59
Q

Sensory Memory

A

the first type of memory encountered by a stimulus

60
Q

Iconic Memory

A

holds mental representations of visual stimuli

61
Q

Echoic Memory

A

holds mental representations of auditory stimuli

62
Q

Short Term Memory

A
  • Holds information for up to about a minute

- Memories in STM can be manipulated

63
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

tendency to recall the first and last items in a series more accurately

64
Q

Chunking

A

grouping stimuli together to help remember them

65
Q

Long Term Memory

A

stage of memory that is capable of relatively permanent storage

66
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Surprising, important, and emotionally stirring events tend to be preserves in great detail

67
Q

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

A

feeling that information is stored in your memory even thought the information cannot be readily retrieved

68
Q

Context-Dependent Memory

A

Information encoded and stored in a given context is better retrieved in the same context

69
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

Information encoded and stored in a given physiological or emotional state is better retrieved in that same state

70
Q

Recognition

A
  • easiest type of memory task

- multiple choice or matching tests

71
Q

Recall

A
  • involves retrieving information that is stored

- short answer or essay tests

72
Q

Relearning

A

relearning material often takes less time to learn than it initially took to learn the material

73
Q

Interference Theory

A

we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it

74
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

trouble remembering/retrieving stored information because of the new information being learned

75
Q

Proactive Interference

A

trouble remembering/retrieving recently learned information because of older information stored

76
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

loss of memory of personal information

77
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

cannot recall events that occur prior to age 3

78
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

cannot remember events that happened after a physical trauma

79
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

cannot remember events that happened before a physical trauma

General Psychology (1 decks)

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