Test 1 Flashcards
Edict of Fontainbleu
King of France allows people to be Huguenots
Philip Monray
Said it was ok for Christians to rise up against the king. –> idea of revolution
Catherine de ‘Medici
Wife of King Henry of France
Edict of Nantes
Reestablishes freedom of religion
Cardinal Richelieu
Main minister to Louis XIII. Goal was centralization. Created a new class of officers, intendant, that represented king’s power.
The Fronde
7 years of civil war in Louis XIV youth.
Louis XIV
“Sun King” biggest goal was to break down nobles. Absolutism. “One king, one law, one state” revokes Edict of Nantes.
Versailles
Huge palace. Place where nobles to come and party and not worry with politics and government.
Letter de Cachet
Given to someone considered a threat to government . Person would disappear.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
XIV’s financial minister. Put money into roads and canals. Reduced local taxes. Pursue oversea colonies and creat monopolies.
Mercantilism
“How should government intervene in economics?” Maximizes wealth for government.
Jansenists
Catholic leaders that did not like the policy of Gallicanism. The king got to name positions because he didn’t not tax the church.
Polish Sejm
Parliament that didn’t want a strong king. Elected a king as “head of state” but he had no power.
Liberum Veto
“Free veto” Power of nobles to call suspension to anything. One “no” and the law couldn’t change.
Peter 1
Modernizes Russia. He imposed his will and fought Estonia and Latvia.
Boyars
Russian nobles who were afraid of losing power to Peter.
James 1
He is “God’s Lieutenant.” Expected Parliament not to resist him. Tried to rule w/o parliament.
Guy Fawkes
Zealot. Tried to kill James at West Minster Abbey.
Charles I
Calls parliament to as for taxes. Parliament presents Petition of Rights
Petition of Rights
No more forced loans, no quartering of troops, more religious freedom
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of Puritans in parliament. Becomes head of state after the king is killed.
Glorious Revolution 1689
Parliament plans rebellion against the king. James II flees. Parliament then asks William and Mary to come from Netherlands. Bill of rights creates constitutional monarchy.
Thomas Hobbes
People are unable to govern themselves. Social contract: give up individual right to govern for security.
John Locke
Rejects Hobbes. Tyrannical government cannot be tolerated. Natural rights: life, liberty, and property. If taken away, rebellion must occur.
Copernicus
Polish monk that discovers the sun is the center of the universe.
Johannes Kepler
Orbits are ellipses.
Isaac Newton
Gravity
Galileo
Italian astronomer
Francis Bacon
Advocate for scientific method. Wrote: Advancement of Learning.
Rene Descartes
“I think, therefore I am.” Use math as proof.
David Hume
Scottish philosopher. Wants humans to doubt everything. Predecessor to Enlightenment.
Royal Society of Improving Natural Science
England 1662
Voltaire
Looked for reason, tolerance and love. Happiness and liberty are central goals. Hates absolute monarchy and the church in France.
Diderot
Encyclopedia 1751-1765. Wanted to give humanity anything that would help humanity. French
Montesquieu
Nobleman. What government is best for the people? Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.
Adam Smith
1st economists. Cause behind wealth? Wrote: Inquiry of Wealth of Nations. Rallies against mercantilism.
Beccaria
Italian. Looked at way criminal law is. Trial juries, procedures of evidence, Habious (can’t spell) Corpus.
Deism
All powerful God, but does not intervene.
Frederick II
Prussia. Introduced policy changes, used state money to try to improve agriculture.
Joseph II
Austria. Rational leader of people. Father type figure. Introduced freedom of religion. No more internal tariffs.
Catherine the Great
Russia. Tries to modernize Russia. Moves education forward, expanded transportation, and creates urban middle class.
War of Jenkins Ear
- England and Spain. Captain Jenkins’ ear gets off by Spanish Officer. War based on commerce. Beginning of a series of wars in effort to get commercial trading empires.
Fort Louisbourg
French fort that threatened economic security of New England. American colonists put together exposition to take fort. Colonists were successful.
Fort Duquesne
French challenge English for Trans-Appalachian area. Leads to French vs. Indian War. Leads to 7 years war in Europe.
Convention of Westminster
Diplomatic Revolution; William Pitt the Second approaches Prussia and offers alliance. Makes French fight in Europe so English could knock French of North America, Caribbean, and India.
Lord Grenville
Finance Minister of England. Try to manage Britain’s debt Comes up w/idea to tax Americans. Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townsend Duties, Boston Massacre, Coercive Act.
Stamp Act
First Direct tax on almost all colonist.
Declaratory Act
Parliament abolish Stamp Act, but have the right to legislate on American colonists on everything.
Mutiny Act
Americans get angry and attack tax collectors. English pass to send in troops to stop attacks in Boston and other problem cities.
Coercive Acts
After Boston Tea Part, Strips Massachusetts of self government. Imposes new military governor, and gets rid of legislature and judiciary.
Thomas Paine
Common Sense. January 1776. Left England because of George III. He believes America is where liberty is going to come to the world. He helps unify Americans.
Gilbert du Motier
“Layfette” French nobleman who helps in Revolutionary War.
York Town
Cornwallis trying to escape Virginia. French prevent British from helping Cornwallis. Cornwallis surrenders.
Federalist Papers
Explanation of Constitution. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote essays that explained democracy.
Bill of Rights
Holds up ideas of restricted government. Maximization of liberty for individuals.
Assembly of Notables
didn’t want to call Estates General, so King called a group of nobles that he thinks he can convince. Trying to get approval to tax noble. They deny him.
Don Gratuit
a sizable gift given to king from the Church. Was withheld in 1788.
Tennis Court Oath/ National Assembly
The 3rd Estate wants more say. They would not join Estates General until they got what they wanted. Went to indoor tennis court and created a constitutional assembly. Wanted to create a constitutional monarchy. Some Nobles and Clergy agreed to create National Assembly.
The Great Fear
July and August 1789. Panic sweeps country side. Peasants spread rumors that Nobles are traveling around seizing crops, so peasants struck manor houses of local nobles. Farmers began hiding crops.
Rights of Man
August 27, 1789. Determines what are fundamentals rights of bread.
Jacobins
Most organized political club. They wanted constitutional monarchy. Some wanted a straight republic. Organized in different cities.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Ministers become workers of the state.
Declaration of Pillnitz
Prussia and Austria declare that if the royal family gets injured or deprived of rights, they will step in.
Robespierre
Realized power is in the streets. He was a deist. He was angry with the state, nobility, and church. Thinks humans can become virtuous.
Levee en masse
Robespierre called for arming of every man to fight for revolution.
Thermidorean Reaction
Based off new name for July. Robespierre over thrown by a cue.
The Directory
5 person executive government in which no one agrees with each other.
Napoleonic Code
Legal system that put equality before the law. It made government positions open to everyone.
Organic Articles
Got rid of anti-church attitude. Napoleon affirmed the right to religious individualism, but gives the Church a special role in education of France. Gave Catholic Church a privileged position in government
Prefect
Governor-type leader in reorganized France.
Continental System
No one in Europe can trade w/ Britain
Chapelier Law
Laissez-fair economics abolish guilds and mercantilism. New tax system. Helped established factories. Put strife between Guilds and merchant classes.
