Test 1 Flashcards
What components is language composed of
Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics
rule system that governs the production and sequencing of speech sounds into syllables and words
Phonology
rule system that governs changes in word meaning at the intraword level
Morphology
component of language governed more in Spanish than in English
Morphology
Meaning of word can be changed through:
prefixes, suffixes, phoneme, puncuation, etc
rule system that governs the sequencing of words into phrases and sentences
Syntax
Word meaning
Semantics
Sentence structure
Syntax
How we put connected speech together
Syntax
The younger the child, or the more cognitively underdeveloped a child, the more ______ their sentences
Simple
SAAD sentence
Simple
Active
Affirmative
Declarative
Use of language
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is based on _______
Context
Context is referring to:
The situation
Bloom and Lahey referred to Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax together as:
Grammar
Referred to Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax together as grammar
Bloom and Lahey
How did others refer to Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax together
Form
Content
Use
Content=
Use=
Semantics
Pragmatics
The language you actually know and understand
Language competence
The language you use
Language performance
Do people tend to have more language competence or performace
Competence
Does language competence or performace come first (usually)
Competence
Theories of Language Acquisition
Behaivorist
Psycholinguistic/Syntactic
Consequences according to Skinner
Positive
Negative
Punishment
Who said there were three consequences (positive, negative, punishment) that govern behaivor
Skinner
Behaivorist theory is purely (nature, nurture, blended)
Nurture
Said all behaivor is learned
Skinner
Parent/child role in behaivorist theory
Parent: active
Child: passive
Limitations to behaivorist theory
- Parents are not good connected speech role models
- We do not actively teach all the vocabulary that a child acquires
- We only reinforce a small percentage of their utterances
- We are poor shapers of behavior
Why do we only reinforce a small percentage of child’s utterances
language happens too fast and you don’t have enough time to reward every utterance
Positives to behaivorist theory
It’s a great model for rehabilitation
Major component of psycholinguistic/syntactic theory
Chomsky
Chomsky’s hypothesis
Children are born with language (innate)
Parent/child’s role according to Chomsky
Parent: passive
Child: active
In Chomsky’s early worked he referred to babies as
“mini scientists”
Chomsky explained that it is a ____________ as to how language is used
neural process
Chomskys levels of linguistic processing
Deep structure
Surface structure
A sentence in its most simplistic form
Kernel sentence
Deep structure populated by
infinite number of kernel sentences
Kernel sentences live in
deep structure
Turns deep structure into surface structure
Transformations
Positives to Psycholinguistic theory
Chomsky spurred other people to research language acquisisiton
Limitations to Psycholinguistic theory
- It does not explain language acquisition
2. omits any contribution of the child’s knowledge
Textbook written by Chomsky
Transformational Grammar
Age range for substage I
Called what?
0 to 1 month
Reflexive
Age range for substage II
Called what?
1 to 4 months
Pre-Imitation
Age range for substage III
Called what?
4 to 8 months
Secondary Circular
Age range for substage IV
Called what?
8 to 12 months
Intent
Age range for substage V
12 to 18 months
Age range for substage VI
Called what?
18 to 24 months
Transitional
Characteristics of substage I
Baby is reflexive
Very litting cognitive acitivity
a. Baby begins to refine sucking, looking, and grasping
Pre-imitation stage
the action itself promoted more of the same action
Primary circular reaction
At what age is baby is building the precursors for imitation
3.5 to 4 months
the baby repeating habitual behaviors if someone else (adult) performs the behavior after the child
pre-imitation stage
c. Stage where most parents buy the child a bouncy seat that “walks”
Secondary circular
Characteristics of secondary circular stage
Refines movement skills
Coordinates vision and grasp (eye hand coordination)
Around 8 months he will imitate your behavior if what conditions are in place
Must have produced the behavior spontaneously and must have done it previously
Baby must be able to see and hear himself as he performs the behavior
Stage where child starts doing thing on purpose
Intent
Child signals intentionality through
means-end behaivor
baby continually dropping something to keep watching someone pick it up is an example of
means-end behaivor
Object permanence
Object remains itself with changes in location or orientation
f. This stage is about externalization of cognition
Intent
stage characterized by experimentation and exploration
substage V
Kids have to know things to be able to communicate with you
semantic/cognitive model
Knowledge happens through social interaction with other humans
Sociolinguistic model
Newson
There is an innate piece that you have to have learning and interaction to be productive
Coined the term prelinguistic dialogue
Jerome Boiner
5 Tools for Learning Acquisition
Are present in nL children by what age
Imitation Object Permanence Causality Means/End Beahaivor Play
2 y/o
Theory that is:
Use
Form
Content
Behaivor
Syntactic
Semantic
3 things that must happen to imitate
be able to attend and register what is happening in environment
be able to replicate it
be able to take turns
*attend, take turn, replicate
Piaget indicated that imitation aids early:
meaning formation
realization that you have power to cause change in environment
causality
selecting the right strategy/tool to effect change
means/end behaivor
link between causality and means/end behaivor
knowing you can cause change and selecting the right tool to do it
a childs occupation
play
3 rules to make play
enjoyable
voluntary
participation
play helps a child acquire the:
structure of linguistic interaction
wrote alot about pragmatics and use
Bates
Bates thinks that in order to use language there must first be
a predisposition for it
Garvey spoke about
speech act
speech act
intentional verbally encoded social gesture from one person to another
all speech acts are
social gestures
single act or prosodic pattern used to convey intention before language develops
primitive speech act
verbal, intentional=
doesn’t need words=
*speech acts
speech act
primitive speech act
prosody=
rate
rhythm
pitch
inflection
Dore talked about
primitive speech act
ability to differentiate one entity from any others
reference
joint reference
two or more persons share the same referential concept
why do parents repeat themselves
to establish reference and joint reference
reference and joint reference take place
in context
Children seek attention in 3 ways:
Indicating
Deixis
Naming/Labeling
Said - Social interaction with infants and toddlers spurs language and cognitive acquisition
Newson
- Determined parenting style has a huge influence on early language acquisition
Boiner
a newborn infant will communicate for four diff reasons
Relief from discomfort
Reestablishment of proximity
Terminate interaction
Implies cognition
Said babies are prewired for language
Newson
- Says that language and cognition develops separately
Vigolsky
Says language comes first
Whorf
Terms that deal with Development of Intentionality
Prelocutionary Stage
Illocutionary Stage
Locutionary Stage
Vigolsky said sociolinguistic is a combination of
smarts and innate
