Test 1 Flashcards
Articulation Disorder
difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech
phonological disorder
impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern sound combinations
delay
errors are normal
lisps, misarticulations of /r/ or affricates
deviance
atypical errors
lateralization sibilands, alveolar backing
shallow phonological awareness
spontaneous rhyming
not looking at different phonemes, looking at the word as a whole
deep phonological awareness
understands words are made of different phonemes
phonemic awareness: ability to detect and manipulate individual phonemes within a word
blending, segmentation, elision, transposition
elision
/k/ from cat
transposition
change /s/ in sit to /t/
phoneme
basic linguistic unit
phone
physical production of a phoneme
- how it’s percieved by others
articulation vs phonology
articulation is the motor aspect of speech while phonology is the organization and function of the phonological system
3 components of EBP
- scientific evidence
- clinical expertise
- patient/parent/caregiver perspective
3 branches of phonetics
articulatory - production features of speech sounds, their categorization and classification according to specific parameters of their production
auditory - perception of sounds
acoustic - transmission properties of speech : frequency, intensity, duration of speech sounds
ease of syllables is affected by these 4 syllable features
- number of syllables
- type of syllables
- degree of syllable stress
- number of consonants that are grouped together
from of production is associated with _______ while function of association is associated with _______.
acquisition of speech sounds
the language system
Distinctive features Theory
each sound has it’s own set of features that distinguishes it from others.
if a child can be taught to differentiate between the features, they can then be taught how to say the sound
uses binary code for the presence or absence of each feature
distinctive features are the _____ properties of speech segments
universal
Natural Phonology Theory
all children begin with the same phonological system
patterns of speech are governed by an innate, universal set of phonological processes
natural processes are easier for the child to produce
- help the child organize their phonological system
- child’s innate phonological system is continuously revised
- phonological processes are recognizable steps in gradual articulatory adjustment of children’s speech to the adult norm
Optimality Theory
constraint based
all languages have constraints which limit a possible pronunciation of words
- children with articulatory and phonological disorders have their own constraints that indicate markedness
( constraints are variable, some are broken often, some not) - children acquire the correct ranking of constraints as they develop
- immature patterns demonstrate that this ranking hasn’t been mastered
Nonlinear phonology
assumes all speech segments are arranged in a sequential order
each segment has set of distinct features
- common set of distinctive features are attributed to all sound segments
- no one sound segment controls other units
- phonological rules apply to segmental level only (not suprasegmental)
** accounts for the idea that speech is more than just sequence of phonemes (includes features, segments, syllables, feet, words, and phrases)
2 tiers: prosodic and segmental
2 main tiers in nonlinear phonology theory:
prosodic tier: word, food, syllable, onset-rime, skeletal, segmental
segmental: segments of speech sound and their features that make those sounds
rules of markedness
harder to produce, less frequent in language
voiced obstruents harder than voiceless sonorants harder than obstruents fricatives harder than stops affricates harder than fricatives other vowels harder than low-front open-lax vowels harder than close-tense non-anterior consonants harder than anterior consonants with secondary articulation harder
Major structural and functional changes in first year of life
- expansions of skull and laryngeal and pharyngeal cavities
- changes in form and mobility of arytenoid cartilages, soft palate, and tongue
- oral areas is site of greatest change resulting in more available space and mobility (loss of sucking pad)
- vocal folds lengthen
- respiration for speech and breathing is differentiated
Perceptual abilities before birth
Response to different frequencies: 16 wks gestation: 500 Hz 27 wks gestation: 250 and 500 Hz 33-35 wks: 250, 500, 1000, 3000 Hz 3rd trimester: familiar with maternal speech, prefer mother's voice
