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Gender Communication > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tendency to reduce individuals to assumed characteristics are essential in every member of category

A

Essentializing

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2
Q

Essentializing presumes that…

A

All members of sex are alike

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3
Q

A problem with essentializing is that it obscures…

A

The range of individual characteristics

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4
Q

Sex, gender, culture and communication are all…

A

Interlinked

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5
Q

Designation based on biology

A

Sex

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6
Q

_____ or _____ based on external genitalia and internal sex organs

A

Male, female

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7
Q

Genitalia and sex markers are determined by…

A

Chromosomes

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8
Q

T/F

Males more sensitive to hormonal activity than females

A

True

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9
Q

Biology influences how we develop but doesn’t determine what 2 things?

A
  1. ) Behavior

2. ) Personality

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10
Q

Socially constructed and expressed

A

Gender

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11
Q
  • A person’s perception of one’s own sex
  • Neither innate nor necessarily stable
  • Defined by society
  • Varies across cultures
  • Varies over time
A

Gender Identity

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12
Q

Gender is…

A

Learned

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13
Q

3 things that Western culture classifies people by

A
  1. ) Sex
  2. ) Gender
  3. ) Sexual orientation

Assumed connections between these categories

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14
Q

Preference for romantic and sexual partners

A

Sexual orientation

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15
Q

Person who fits conventional categories (What is considered “normal”)

A

“Cis” prefix

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16
Q

Cross from gender identity assigned at birth

A

“Trans” prefix

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17
Q

Refers to individuals who feel that their biologically assigned sex doesn’t match their true sexual identity

A

Transgender

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18
Q

Individuals have had surgery and/or hormonal treatments to make their bodies more closely match the sex with which they identity

A

Transsexual

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19
Q

MTF

A

Post-transition males to females

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20
Q

FTM

A

Post-transition females to males

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21
Q
  • Enjoy wearing clothing of other sex
  • May wear just one or two articles of clothing associated with other sex
  • May wear other sex’s clothes to express gender identities inconsistent with their sex
  • Majority are heterosexual males
A

Cross-dressers/trasvestites

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22
Q

Structures, institutions practices that reflect and uphold social order

A

Culture

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23
Q

Western culture is…

A

Patriarchal

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24
Q

2 levels of communication

A
  1. ) Content level of meaning

2. ) Relationship level of meaning

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25
Q

Literal meaning

A

Content level of meaning of communication

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26
Q

Defines the relationship between communicators by indicating each person’s identity and the communicators’ relationship to each other

A

Relationship level of meaning of communication

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27
Q

T/F

The relationship level of meaning is the primary level of communication

A

True

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28
Q

Symbols are what 3 things?

A
  1. ) Abstract
  2. ) Arbitrary
  3. ) Ambiguous
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29
Q

Way to describe, explain, predict relationships among phenomena

A

Theory

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30
Q

4 types of gender theories

A
  1. ) Biological
  2. ) Interpersonal
  3. ) Cultural
  4. ) Critical
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31
Q

Biological characteristics such as what 3 things account for gender differences?

A
  1. )Chromosomes
  2. ) Hormonal activities
  3. ) Brain specialization
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32
Q

2 focuses of biological theories

A
  1. ) Sex chromosomes

2. ) Hormonal acitivty

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33
Q

Which chromosome is more of a multitasker?

A

X- carries a large number of genes

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34
Q

Which chromosome evolves faster than others?

A

Y

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35
Q
  • Primarily female
  • Produce good cholesterol
  • Blood vessels more flexible
  • Strengthens immune system
A

Estrogen

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36
Q
  • Primarily male
  • Drug use leads to violent behavior
  • Levels decrease when a male becomes a father
A

Testosterone

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37
Q

______ influence skills and tendencies

A

Hormones

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38
Q

T/F

Girls favor trucks if mother had high levels of testosterone during pregnancy

A

True

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39
Q

Males given estrogen experience what 2 things?

A
  1. ) Decline in spatial skills

2. ) Increase in verbal skills

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40
Q

Men sprayed with ______ show more empathy and sensitivity

A

Oxytocin

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41
Q
  • Focus on how chromosomes, hormones and brain structure affect physiology, thinking and behavior
  • Biological factors influence abilities and options
  • Biology is edited by environmental factors
A

Biological theories of gender

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42
Q

3 theories of Interpersonal theories of gender

A
  1. ) Psychodynamic theory
  2. ) Social learning theory
  3. ) Cognitive development theory
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43
Q

Emphasizes interpersonal relationships within the family

A

Psychodynamic theory

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44
Q

The _____ relationship influences how we define our identity, including gender

A

First

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45
Q

Infants follow distinct _______ paths that reflect relationship with mother

A

Developmental

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46
Q

Lean by imitating others and getting responses to behavior

A

Social learning theory

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47
Q

Children imitate communication seen in what 2 forms?

A
  1. ) Media

2. ) Others

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48
Q

Behaviors that are_____ are reinforced

A

Rewarded

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49
Q

Cognitive development theory covers what 3 aspects?

A
  1. ) Children play active role in developing gender identity
  2. ) Pick models to teach themselves competency in masculine/feminine behavior
  3. ) Children go through several stages in developing identities
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50
Q

Internal mental framework that organizes perceptions and directs behavior related to gender

A

Gender schema (organizes clothes, toys, activities, traits, and roles appropriate for each sex)

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51
Q

Views of gender in 21st century America clarified by considering how other _____ express gender

A

Culture

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52
Q

T/F

Many societies view gender the same as Americans currently do

A

False - they view it differently

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53
Q

Through communication with others we learn who we are

A

Symbolic interactionism

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54
Q

Set of expected behaviors and values associated with them

A

Role

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55
Q

Direct attention to structures by which societies classify people

A

Critical theories

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56
Q

Critical theories interested in how…

A

Dominant gorups privilege own interests and impose on less powerful

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57
Q

Through critical theories we can understand how oppressed groups can,..

A

Become empowered

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58
Q

Critical theories have _____ ______

A

Political edge

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59
Q

Societies are made of different groups that have varied amounts of power and privilege

A

Standpoint theory

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60
Q

Social location is not….

A

Standpoint

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61
Q

How is standpoint earned?

A

Through critical reflection and engaging in struggle

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62
Q

Can inform all about how society operates

A

Marginalized

63
Q

T/F

We all occupy multiple social locations and can earn or develop multiple standpoints that overlap and interact

A

True

64
Q

Standpoint theory helps us understand gender by pointing out how membership in particular groups, shapes individuals’…. (4 things)

A
  1. ) Experiences
  2. ) Perspectives
  3. ) Identities
  4. ) Abilities
65
Q

Critique of conventional categories of identity and culture views of normal and abnormal (heternormativity)

A

Queer performative theory

66
Q

Queer does not refer only to ___ and ____

A

Gays and Lesbians

67
Q

Refers to anything that departs from what society considers normal

A

Queer

68
Q

Identities are not ____ they are…

A

Fixed

Relatively fluid

69
Q

_____ and _____ may explain higher instances of female athletic injuries

A

Socialization and biology

70
Q

Rhetorical women’s movements have occurred in how many waves in the U.S.?

A

3

71
Q

What 2 ideologies have informed?

A
  1. ) Liberal feminism

2. ) Cultural feminism

72
Q

Women and men are alike and equal

A

Liberal feminism

73
Q

Women and men are fundamentally different, should have different rights, roles, and opportunities

A

Cultural feminism

74
Q

Activism is aimed at…

A

Enlarging women’s political rights

75
Q

First wave with liberal ideology happened when?

A

1840

76
Q

Lucretia Coffin Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others organized the….

A

Seneca Falls Convention

77
Q

Initially there were strong links between what group and the women’s rights group?

A

Abolitionists

78
Q

Why were the ties between the abolitionists and the women’s rights activists dissolved?

A

Abolitionists became convinced voting rights for black men had to precede women’s suffrage

79
Q

T/F

Many black women thought the women’s movement was inclusive of black and white women’s circumstances

A

False - they thought it focused on white women’s circumstances

80
Q
  • 1800s: most women did not ally with women’s rights movements
  • True ideal of womanhood to be domestic
  • Believed that women and men not alike
A

The cult of domesticity

81
Q

______ movement tried to prevent women from voting

A

Antisuffrage

82
Q

When did women win the right to vote?

A

1920

83
Q

Activism in the first wave was focused on….

A

World wars - women joined labor force to support war effort however their opportunities shrank post-war

84
Q

The second wave of women’s movements started when?

A

1963

85
Q

What kind of feminism emerged in the second wave first?

A

Radical feminism

86
Q

Radical feminism

A
  • Also called women’s liberation movement

- Grew out of New left politics

87
Q

Radical feminism protested…

A

Vietnam war

88
Q

New Left men treated women as _____

A

Subordinates

89
Q

In 1964 and 1965 women in several New Left groups challenged….

A

Sexism in the New Left - males were unresponsive

90
Q

Groups used for communication in radical reminism

A

Rap groups/consciousness-raising groups

91
Q

Rap groups/consciousness-raising groups

A
  • Discussed personal experiences
  • Linked personal experiences with larger social and political structures
  • Committed to equality
92
Q

2 techniques radical feminism used to call attention to oppression of women

A
  1. ) Relied on revolutionary analysis

2. ) Used high-profile public events

93
Q

Advocates women’s equality in all spheres

A

Liberla feminism

94
Q

The Feminine Mystique

A

Betty Friedan

95
Q

White, middle-class women had…

A

No opportunities outside of the home

96
Q

NOW found in 1966 for women advocated for what 4 things?

A
  1. ) Political equality
  2. ) Professional equality
  3. ) Education equality
  4. ) Women’s rights
97
Q

Founded by black women

A

Womanism

98
Q

Compared to whites, black women are….

A
  • More often single
  • Have more children
  • Paid less
  • Have more financial responsibility for family
99
Q

Womanists aim to reform social services by what 4 things?

A
  1. ) Response to poor women
  2. ) Increase job training
  3. ) Increase job opportunities
  4. ) Improve material conditions
100
Q

What happened in 1997

A

Million Woman March

101
Q

Million Woman March was…

A
  • Not celebrities
  • Women who worked unglamorous jobs
  • Women who lived outside the spotlight
102
Q

Gender does not have a universal meaning and affects lives as a result of 4 different things

A

Multiracial feminism

103
Q

Multiracial feminism is affected by what 4 things?

A
  1. ) Race
  2. ) Economic class
  3. ) Sexual orientation
  4. ) Gender Identity
104
Q

See connection between domination of women and domination of nature (Mother Earth)

A

Ecofeminists

105
Q

Society does not oppress women, women have power to control what occurs

A

Power feminism (1990’s)

106
Q

Says beliefs that they are victims hold women back

A

Wolf (1993)

107
Q

Power feminism ignores difference between ____ a victim and taking on the _____ of a victim

A

Being

Identity

108
Q

Power feminism is mainly made up of women who are…

A

Comfortable, successful, educated,and life in safe neighborhoods

109
Q

Communities where women live independently of men and where feminine values can flourish

A

Separatism

110
Q

3 characteristics of separatism

A
  1. ) See little hearing in patriarchal culture
  2. ) Exit mainstream society
  3. ) Exercise little political influence
111
Q

Focus on appreciating women’s traditional activities and contributions, draws on standpoint theory

A

Revalorism

112
Q

How does Revalorism portray women?

A

As more nurturing, supportive, cooperative, and life-giving

113
Q

Women’s return to traditional attitudes, values, and roles advocated by Morgan’s “Total Woman Movement” (1973) and Adelin’s “Fascination Womanhood Movement” (1975)

A

Antifeminist activism in the second wave

114
Q

Who supported the antifeminist activism in the second wave?

A

Women who were economically dependent and embraced conservative values

115
Q
  • Response to fight to ratify Equal Rights Amendment
  • Schlafy spokesperson to this movement
  • She believed that feminism was destroying femininity, urging women to be more like men
  • Movement was successful
A

STOP ERA movement (1970’s)

116
Q

T/F

Many 2nd wave movements are inacitve

A

False- many are still active

117
Q

Draws from multiple branches of second wave feminism and especially from radical and multiracial feminism

A

3rd wave

118
Q

Recognize that women differ in many ways, including race, class, sexual orientation, body shape and size and (dis)ability

A

Intersectionality - figuring how to speak for group while recognizing differences, must be addressed holistically

119
Q

Reforms won by 2nd movement are….

A

Not woven into everyday life

120
Q

Sexism is often more ____ today which motivates the third wavers to embrace grassroots organizing

A

Subtle

121
Q

Women are so different there can be no collective political agenda, each woman defines feminism on her own terms

A

Individualism

122
Q

Many feminists suggest that antifeminist claims are..

A

Misrepresentations and exaggerations

123
Q
  • Emerged in 1960’s
  • Some in New Left agreed with women’s criticism
  • Worked to bring attitudes and behavior in line with egalitarian ideology
  • Joined forces with women to work for women’s rights
A

Profeminist Men’ Movements

124
Q

2 distinct foci of the profeminist men’s movements

A
  1. ) Related to women

2. ) Related to men

125
Q

4 things profeminist men endorsed

A
  1. ) Equal pay for equal work
  2. ) Hiring and promoting women
  3. ) Increase in parental leave
  4. ) Affordable child care
126
Q
  • Criticize commonly accepted attitudes or actions

- Engage in personal persuasion

A

Strategy of traitorous identity

127
Q

T/F

Profeminist Men’s Movements encourages men to be more sensitive, caring, open, able to engage in meaningful relationships with others

A

True

128
Q

NOMAS

A

National Organization for Men Against Sexism

129
Q

What is NOMAS?

A

Workshops to expand men’s awareness of ways emotional development hindered and helping men change by offering guidance in becoming more sensitive

130
Q
  • Violence against women not just a “women’s issue”
  • Majority of violence against women enacted by men
  • Prevention of violence a men’s issue
A

Men’s antiviolence groups

131
Q

International group - founded 1991 in Canada (in response to Montreal Massacre)

A

The White Ribbon Campaign

132
Q

What does The White Ribbon Campaign do?

A
  • Present antiviolence workshops
  • Encourage men to take responsibility for stopping violence
  • Speak out against violence
  • Talk with other men about issue
  • Physical and emotional violence
  • No male bashers
133
Q

The program aims to educate men about socialization that links violence to masculinity

A

Mentors in violence prevention

134
Q

MVP aims to use power of ______ _______ to teach that aggression and violence are linked to views of masculinity and call attention to the role of bystanders in preventing violence

A

Peer influence

135
Q

Masculinist Men’s Groups

A
  • Men suffer from discrimination because of their sex
  • Need to reclaim manliness
  • Ignore or denounce gay men
136
Q

Conservative branch of men’s movement and want to restore traditional roles of men and women

A

Men’s Rights

137
Q

Men’s rights include what 3 groups?

A
  1. ) MR, Inc.
  2. ) National Coalition for Free Men
  3. ) NOM
138
Q

Free men want to regain…

A

Place as heads of families

139
Q

The Men’s Rights Movement believes that status…

A

Should not be tied to breadwiner role

140
Q

T/F

The Men’s Rights Movement condemns feminist men and women

A

True

141
Q

Father’s Rights Groups include…

A
  1. ) American Coalition for Fathers
  2. ) Fathers and Families
  3. ) Children and Dads against discrimination
142
Q

1980s-1990s and was founded by Bly, aims to foster personal growth bonding and rediscover mythic roots of masculine thinking and feeling

A

Mythopoetic Men

143
Q

Mythopoetic Men views depart from ______ men

A

Profeminist

144
Q

What does the Mythopoetic Men blame for men’s emotional deficits

A

Feminism

145
Q

Mythopoetics urge men to…

A

Recover distinctly male mode of feeling

146
Q

Mythopoetic Men hold workshops and nature retreats that do what 4 things

A
  1. ) Gather in woods
  2. ) Beat drums and chant
  3. ) Listen to poetry and stories
  4. ) Help get in touch with father hunger and move toward positive masculine feelings
147
Q
  • 1990: McCartney and Wardell
  • Idea of filling stadium with Christian men
  • Connection to commandments
  • Urges men to be leaders of their families
A

Promise Keepers

148
Q

7 goals Promise Keepers

A
  1. ) Honor Jesus
  2. ) Pursue male relationships
  3. ) Practice purity
  4. ) Build strong families
  5. ) Support church
  6. ) Reach beyond barriers
  7. ) Influence world for good
149
Q

Promise Keepers reservation from others:

A
  • Women can’t attend meetings (men should lean only on each other)
  • Efforts to broaden membership and soften rhetoric
150
Q

Many African American men felt men’s movements didn’t fit lives (1995) Farrakhan (leader of Islam Nation)

A

The Million Man March

151
Q

The goal of the Million Man March…

A

Black men of all backgrounds atone for sins and reconcile

152
Q

Aspects of the Million Man March (5)

A
  1. ) Pledge spiritual transformation and political action
  2. ) Register to vote
  3. ) Fight drugs
  4. ) Against unemployment and violence
  5. ) Recommit to wives and families
  6. ) Active in churches and communities
153
Q

Multifaceted effort to stimulate national conversation about what it means to be a good man today

A

The Good Men Project

154
Q

The Good Men Project aspects (2)

A
  • Groups that work with at-risk boys

- The book “the good men project” is collection of stories by 31 men from varied backgrounds

Gender Communication (1 decks)

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