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biology 181 > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis

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2
Q

chromosome

A

made up of DNA wrapped around proteins

complete set of heriditary info

controls cell’s activities

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3
Q

cytosol

A

contains contents of cell

site of where many chemical reactions occur in the cell

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

regulates passage into and out of cell

enables constant internal environment

intracellular communication and binding adjacent cells

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5
Q

pili

A

grabs and adheres to food partices, objects, or other cells

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6
Q

cilia

A

used for locomotion

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7
Q

cytoskeleton

A

maintains cell support and shape

holds organelles in place

assists in movement internally and of the whole cell

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8
Q

centrioles

A

involved in mitosis and completion of cytokinesis

involved in formation of flagella/cilia

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9
Q

rough ER

A

ribosomes attached

site of protein folding

site of chemical modifications of proteins (e.g. attaching carbs)

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10
Q

smooth ER

A

breaks down small molecules

synthesizes lipids

helps maintain balance of Ca^2+ ions

hydrolyzes glycogen in fungi

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11
Q

microbodies

A

breaks down macromolecules and converts them into immediately usable molecules

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12
Q

golgi apparatus

A

concentrates, packages, and sorts proteins for export (within or out of cell)

synthesizes polysaccharies for plant cell wall

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13
Q

mitochondria

A

converts the potential energy in glucose into ATP using oxygen

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14
Q

nucleus

A

site of control of cell’s activities

contains most of cell’s genetic material

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15
Q

nucleolus

A

site of ribosome synthesis (including RNA) and regulation

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16
Q

chloroplasts

A

in protists and plants only

uses light energy, CO2 and H2O to produce carbs

17
Q

cell wall

A

not in animal cells

protects against mechanical stress

gives cell rigidity and strength

18
Q

secretory vessicles

A

carries structural proteins and enzymes to cell membrane for secretion outside the cell

19
Q

central vacuole

A

in plants only

stores waste, photosynthesis products and other molecules

provides structure and keeps plants from bursting when turgid

holds pigmentation for petals and fruits

digestion of seed proteins that embryo can use for food

20
Q

What is the cellularity and method of food acquisition for Prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes are one-celled and can be autotrophic with the use of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (using methane hydrogen sulfide)

or heterotrophic where the nutrients diffuse across the membrane

21
Q

Wha is the cellularity and method of food acquisition of protists?

A

Protists are single celled and can be autotrophic with photosynthesis

or heterotrophic by engulfing large molecules

22
Q

What is the cellularity and method of food acquisition of animals?

A

Animals are multi-celled and are heterotrophic by ingesting food that is then broken down and absorbed internally

23
Q

What is the cellularity and method of food acquisition of fungi?

A

Fungi are multi-celled, except for yeast

They are heterotrophic by excreting enzymes and digestion takes place externally and then nutrients are absorbed

24
Q

What is the cellularity and method of food acquisition of land plants?

A

Land plants are multi-celled and are autotrophic with photosynthesis

25
Q

Which structures make up the endomembrane system of the cell?

A

The golgi apparatus, ER, mirobodies, and vacuoles make up the endomembrane system of the cell

26
Q

What are the essential functions of the endomembrane system?

A

The endomembrane system synthesizes, breaks down, transports and stores macromolecules

27
Q

Which cell component enabled the endomembrane system to evolve and why?

A

The cytoskeleton allowed the endomembrane to evolve because it is made up of proteins that allowed movement and transport of the membrane to form vessicles

28
Q

From which organism group did animals, fungi, protists, and land plants evolve from?

A

Animals evolved from protists

Fungi evolved from protists

Protists evolved from prokaryotes

Land plants evolved from protists

29
Q

What are the benefits of multicellularity?

A

Multicellularity allows cells to stay small, which is important because that leaves a greater surface area to be more engergy efficient in exporting and importing molecules through the cell

Multicellularity also allows cells to specialize and make the organism larger and complex so it can eat bigger things

30
Q

What are the 2 primary hypotheses of the origin of the nucleus?

A
  1. ) evolved from the ER
  2. ) endosymbiosis
31
Q

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts/plastids evolve?

A

Endosymbiosis because they each have their own circular DNA and a double membrane

32
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes?

A

Prokaryotes have a single circular copy of DNA

Eukaryotes have 2 copies of linear DNA

33
Q

Do all eukaryotes have vacuoles?

A

Yes, all eukaryotes have vacuoles because it is essential for the cell beacuse they store different molecules, and by-products.

They are more important in plants though because they have a central vacuole

34
Q

What is a molecular drive and what affect does it have on evolution?

A

A molecular drive is a lot of mutations rapidly in a short period of time and affects evolution with…

Mutations

35
Q

What is a lateral gene transfer and what affect does it have on evolution?

A

A lateral gene transfer is an interspecifc gene flow where a different species somehow obtained the genes of another species

This results in gene flow on evolution

36
Q

What are changes in the environment and how do they affect evolution?

A

Changes in the environment like temperature, etc., make it harder/easier to survive

resulting in natural selection in evolution

37
Q

What are evolutionary dead ends and how do they affect evolution?

A

An evolutionary dead end is where a species can’t reproduce or they have offspring that cant reproduce.

This affects evolution with natural selection and/or genetic drift

38
Q
A

biology 181 (2 decks)

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