test 1

Question 1

ribosome

Answer 1

site of protein synthesis

Question 2

chromosome

Answer 2

made up of DNA wrapped around proteins

complete set of heriditary info

controls cell’s activities

Question 3

cytosol

Answer 3

contains contents of cell

site of where many chemical reactions occur in the cell

Question 4

plasma membrane

Answer 4

regulates passage into and out of cell

enables constant internal environment

intracellular communication and binding adjacent cells

Question 5

pili

Answer 5

grabs and adheres to food partices, objects, or other cells

Question 6

cilia

Answer 6

used for locomotion

Question 7

cytoskeleton

Answer 7

maintains cell support and shape

holds organelles in place

assists in movement internally and of the whole cell

Question 8

centrioles

Answer 8

involved in mitosis and completion of cytokinesis

involved in formation of flagella/cilia

Question 9

rough ER

Answer 9

ribosomes attached

site of protein folding

site of chemical modifications of proteins (e.g. attaching carbs)

Question 10

smooth ER

Answer 10

breaks down small molecules

synthesizes lipids

helps maintain balance of Ca^2+ ions

hydrolyzes glycogen in fungi

Question 11

microbodies

Answer 11

breaks down macromolecules and converts them into immediately usable molecules

Question 12

golgi apparatus

Answer 12

concentrates, packages, and sorts proteins for export (within or out of cell)

synthesizes polysaccharies for plant cell wall

Question 13

mitochondria

Answer 13

converts the potential energy in glucose into ATP using oxygen

Question 14

nucleus

Answer 14

site of control of cell’s activities

contains most of cell’s genetic material

Question 15

nucleolus

Answer 15

site of ribosome synthesis (including RNA) and regulation

Question 16

chloroplasts

Answer 16

in protists and plants only

uses light energy, CO2 and H2O to produce carbs

Question 17

cell wall

Answer 17

not in animal cells

protects against mechanical stress

gives cell rigidity and strength

Question 18

secretory vessicles

Answer 18

carries structural proteins and enzymes to cell membrane for secretion outside the cell

Question 19

central vacuole

Answer 19

in plants only

stores waste, photosynthesis products and other molecules

provides structure and keeps plants from bursting when turgid

holds pigmentation for petals and fruits

digestion of seed proteins that embryo can use for food

Question 20

What is the cellularity and method of food acquisition for Prokaryotes

Answer 20

Prokaryotes are one-celled and can be autotrophic with the use of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (using methane hydrogen sulfide)

or heterotrophic where the nutrients diffuse across the membrane

Question 21

Wha is the cellularity and method of food acquisition of protists?

Answer 21

Protists are single celled and can be autotrophic with photosynthesis

or heterotrophic by engulfing large molecules

Question 22

What is the cellularity and method of food acquisition of animals?

Answer 22

Animals are multi-celled and are heterotrophic by ingesting food that is then broken down and absorbed internally

Question 23

What is the cellularity and method of food acquisition of fungi?

Answer 23

Fungi are multi-celled, except for yeast

They are heterotrophic by excreting enzymes and digestion takes place externally and then nutrients are absorbed

Question 24

What is the cellularity and method of food acquisition of land plants?

Answer 24

Land plants are multi-celled and are autotrophic with photosynthesis

Question 25

Which structures make up the endomembrane system of the cell?

Answer 25

The golgi apparatus, ER, mirobodies, and vacuoles make up the endomembrane system of the cell

Question 26

What are the essential functions of the endomembrane system?

Answer 26

The endomembrane system synthesizes, breaks down, transports and stores macromolecules

Question 27

Which cell component enabled the endomembrane system to evolve and why?

Answer 27

The cytoskeleton allowed the endomembrane to evolve because it is made up of proteins that allowed movement and transport of the membrane to form vessicles

Question 28

From which organism group did animals, fungi, protists, and land plants evolve from?

Answer 28

Animals evolved from protists Fungi evolved from protists Protists evolved from prokaryotes Land plants evolved from protists

Question 29

What are the benefits of multicellularity?

Answer 29

Multicellularity allows cells to stay small, which is important because that leaves a greater surface area to be more engergy efficient in exporting and importing molecules through the cell Multicellularity also allows cells to specialize and make the organism larger and complex so it can eat bigger things

Question 30

What are the 2 primary hypotheses of the origin of the nucleus?

Answer 30

1. ) evolved from the ER 2. ) endosymbiosis

Question 31

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts/plastids evolve?

Answer 31

Endosymbiosis because they each have their own circular DNA and a double membrane

Question 32

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes?

Answer 32

Prokaryotes have a single circular copy of DNA Eukaryotes have 2 copies of linear DNA

Question 33

Do all eukaryotes have vacuoles?

Answer 33

Yes, all eukaryotes have vacuoles because it is essential for the cell beacuse they store different molecules, and by-products. They are more important in plants though because they have a central vacuole

Question 34

What is a molecular drive and what affect does it have on evolution?

Answer 34

A molecular drive is a lot of mutations rapidly in a short period of time and affects evolution with... Mutations

Question 35

What is a lateral gene transfer and what affect does it have on evolution?

Answer 35

A lateral gene transfer is an interspecifc gene flow where a different species somehow obtained the genes of another species This results in gene flow on evolution

Question 36

What are changes in the environment and how do they affect evolution?

Answer 36

Changes in the environment like temperature, etc., make it harder/easier to survive resulting in natural selection in evolution

Question 37

What are evolutionary dead ends and how do they affect evolution?

Answer 37

An evolutionary dead end is where a species can't reproduce or they have offspring that cant reproduce. This affects evolution with natural selection and/or genetic drift