Test 1 Flashcards
What are the general sacraments?
Baptism, Confirmation, Holy Communion, Confession, Marriage, Holy Orders, Anointing of the Sick (Powerpoint L1 slide 3: L1.3)
Define Baptism
Outward symbolic action of dying in Christ to New Life in Him (L1.3)
Define Confirmation
membership (L1.3)
Define Holy Communion
Eucharist, Lord’s Supper, The Elements (L1.3)
Define Confession
Penance (L1.3)
Define Holy Orders
Ordination (L1.3)
Define ‘Anointing of the Sick’
Unction, Last Rites=Extreme Unction (L1.3)
Name some examples of ways the ‘Sacramental’ practice may affect soldiers in TSA practically in life experiences. That is, where might soldiers of TSA come across experiences with the sacraments outside of the Army in the churches?
Soldiers may move to areas where there is no TSA and may choose to go to a church that offers communion;
Christian conferences by churches which soldiers may attend such as marriage conferences etc… may offer communion at some point in the service.
Officers, Soldiers and Local Officers may go to Catholic funerals (for advisory board members, politicians, community leaders, family members of such community leaders) where communion may be served.
Our Junior Soldiers may have parents who are not Salvationist and may take them to get baptized in the parent’s church.
Soldiers may go to funerals of their family or loved ones where communion is offered.
What does the Army stand on the sacraments go back to?
Our belief goes back to Church History and The Bible
What are the two sacraments adopted by most protestant churches?
Baptism & Communion (L1.4)
What are three similarities between a ‘sacrament’ and an ‘ordinance’ according to Major Guest?
- They are rites that Christ appointed (commanded).
- They are a symbol of something that has taken place in the life of the believer.
- They strengthen the faith of the believer.
(L1.5&6)
What is the major difference between a sacrament and an ordinance?
An ordinance does not give the grace that saves whereas a sacrament is actually believed to give the grace that saves. (L1.5&6)
Define “Sacrament” according to Major Guest.
Outward rites that Christ appointed to be administered that confer God’s grace through receiving the sacraments. (L1.5&6)
Define “Ordinance” according to Major Guest.
Outward rites that Christ appointed to be administered as visible signs of the saving truth of the gospel, signs that vividly express this truth and confirm it to the believer. (L1.5&6)
What are the three groups (categories) of Scripture texts/readings on the Baptism/Communion issues?
- Those that contain Christ’s commands.
- Those that demonstrate early church usage.
- Those that define what is true worship and service.
(from 9/12/16 class notes w/ Major Guest)
What is the Scripture reference to John’s Baptism?
Matthew 3:11-17 (L1.7)
What was John’s baptism for?
an initiative; preliminary to the baptism of the Holy Spirit (unto repentance/as a public witness that the person being baptized was repenting of their sins and dedicating themselves to God in holiness in preparation for the Messiah, who would come after John, to baptize them in the Holy Ghost) (L1.7 & understanding of Matthew 3:11-17)
Why was Jesus baptized according to Major Guest’s powerpoint? (that is if someone mistakenly is placing their faith in baptism as a part of salvation and points to Jesus being baptized as proof of the need for it, how might you explain why Jesus might really have been baptized since we know that the baptism that is mandatory to salvation is the baptism of the Holy Spirit and in no way replaceable by water baptism?)
Major Guest’s powerpoint? (that is if someone mistakenly is placing their faith in baptism as a part of salvation and points to Jesus being baptized as proof of the need for it, how might you explain why Jesus might really have been baptized since we know that the baptism that is mandatory to salvation is the baptism of the Holy Spirit and in no way replaceable by water baptism?)
- Complete identification with the people - submission to custom to fulfill the law.
- The start of a calling to carry sin.
- The acknowledgement of the Father reigning in glory - later it would be a baptism of disgrace, shame and suffering - unto death itself
(L1.7)
Matthew 28:19
The Great Commission - baptizing them in the name of…
Mark 10:38
James and John, sons of Zebedee, request to sit at Jesus’ right and left hand in glory. Jesus speaks of baptism as one of shame and suffering, a spiritual significance, not a literal baptism
- What are the symbols of the Seder?
Candles, prayer of blessing Four cups of wine (see Exodus 6:6-7): Sanctification: I will bring you out Plagues: I will free you from slavery Redemption: I will redeem you (the cup Jesus gave to the disciples) Praise: you will be my people
- Reasoning for no communion.
Communion had been the subject of division and confusion in the churches
- Practice a hindrance to evangelism; meetings had to be simple with a focus on changing lives
- Converts, initially sent to the churches, were often rejected, refused participation in the rite
- Question of the administration of the rite (lack of formal training; gender)
- Question of wine/grape juice for recently converted alcoholics
Theological Reasons:
- Practice unnecessary to salvation and growth in spiritual life
- Salvation is by faith alone; a sacrament cannot save
- Temptation to spiritual security by means of a rite
- Influence of Quakers as non-sacramentalists
- Holiness of life as hallmark of indwelling Holy Spirit
Scriptural Reasons:
Not mentioned in John; Last Supper emphasis was on servanthood and the Holy Spirit
The focus in Hebrews is on rites as ‘copies’ and ‘shadows’
Majority of epistles do not mention; their emphasis is on purity of heart and life rather than ritual
Define Eucharist:
= thanksgiving (Jesus “gave thanks”)
A means of remembering and expressing thanks for Jesus’ death and resurrection (“Do this in remembrance of me,” 1 Cor. 11:23-26)
Also known as holy communion, the Lord’s Supper
Define Transubstantiation:
Roman Catholic interpretation: During the administration of the Eucharist, the substance (but not the appearance) of the Communion bread and wine is transformed into the literal body and blood of Christ.
Define Consubstantiation:
Martin Luther’s view, in reaction to transubstantiation: after the consecration, the substances (bread and wine, body and blood of Christ) co-exist in union with each other, united, yet each intact in itself.
The Army’s Attitude
Toward ‘The Sacraments’
Considered in the Light of Scripture
Abstain from attacking the beliefs and practices of the Churches
Abstain not only from the practice of what are commonly known as Sacraments, but from any public discussion of the subject
Scripture does not teach that these ceremonies are conditions of Salvation.
Not necessary to our Faith
What correct method of administration
View that many see them as salvation
Affect Salvationists internationally
The Founders and the Sacraments
As an ordained Methodist minister, he administered the Sacraments (66). This continued into the Christian Mission and The Salvation Army - men and women
Catherine Booth and GS Railton were concerned with a growing formalism – mere outward ritual.
They brought their concern to Booth, who was ever the pragmatist
Society of Friends (Quakers) demonstrated living a Christian life without sacraments
Differing views and practices always caused disunity in the Church
Administering by ‘priests’ contradicted the ‘priesthood of all believers.’ Women administering them would bring more problems
Use of wine for Army converts
Booth did not prevent soldiers from participating (68).
General Bramwell Booth stated,
“Any soldier who declared a serious conviction in the matter and desired to participate – and this is still the law amongst us - could receive a recommendation to go to some other body for the purpose of partaking.”
General Coutts stated,
“There is nothing in our discipline which forbids either officer or soldier from sharing in the sacraments, though it is part of our teaching that the over-riding concern of Salvationists will be personally to experience that inward spiritual grace to which sacraments testify.”
8 Apologetic Reasons
- Exegetical – Bible is not consistent in having the sacrament as a command to be followed.
- Testimonial – Historically, the Quakers did not practice sacraments.
- Ecumenical – Avoid historical problems of administration as well as divisive talk.
- Pragmatic – Was water or unfermented wine available.
- Ecclesiological – Booth’s mission was not couched in church practices, rather, it was a new movement of God.
- Theological – Booth’s message was the Blood of Christ and Holy-Spirit filled.
- Teleophobia – fear of ritualism (religious ceremony) as a mere repetition lacking faith.
- Militarism – Army in the salvation war with language, why need the sacraments
Donald Dayton: Evangelical Roots of Feminism
18th century
18th Century Evangelical Revival included:
Rise of the laity in church life
Personal interaction in small groups
Innovation/experimentation (field preaching, etc.)
Tested against scriptural exegesis
Adam Clarke’s commentary on the Bible – “…equal rights, equal privileges, equal blessings, equally useful”
Donald Dayton: Evangelical Roots of Feminism 19th century
19th Century American revivalism included:
Charles G. Finney – women speak/pray in public
Influence of Oberlin College
Influence of the abolitionist movement
Ex: Sarah Grimke – Letters on the Equality of the Sexes
Jonathan Blanchard, B.T. Roberts, A.J. Gordon
Donald Dayton: Evangelical Roots of Feminism
Salvation Army
The Salvation Army – “made the most progress”
Nearly refused to marry over: “woman has a fibre more in the heart and a cell less in the brain”
Catherine Booth in 1850’s: Female Ministry
“…it is impossible to estimate the extent of the church’s loss, where prejudice and custom are allowed to render the outpouring of God’s spirit upon His handmaidens null and void.”
“Female Ministry:” 9 arguments engaged
1.It is unbecoming for a woman to preach or teach in the church Response: she has eminent natural qualifications.
2. Fear that a woman will become ‘ambitious’ in a public position of authority. Response: to win souls for Jesus, “…would that the Lord’s people had more of this ambition.”
3.Female ministry is forbidden in the Word of God
Response: I Corinthians 11:4-5; I Corinthians 14:3-4, 31
Consistent application of propriety in worship for both genders; teaching cannot be self-contradictory
4.Presence of Greek word lalein in I Cor. 14:3
Response: doesn’t mean ‘speak;’ rather it means ‘to babble, to pratter’ – improper, imprudent speech
again, applicable to both genders.
5.Confined only to men Response: Acts 2 – Spirit falls upon all flesh EC ministry of prophesying falls also to women (citations in Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Eusebius)
6.Scripture in context: I Cor. 14:34 and I Tim. 2:11-12
Response: I Cor = equally commanded; I Tim = propriety in the home consistent with directions for worship Consistent exegesis & application is required
7.It is beyond the accepted role: unnecessary for women to preach/teach, for they have other work to do
Response: inconsistent with scripture (I Samuel 2:30; Joel 2:28, for example)
8.The record of Scripture includes:
Deborah, Huldah, Miriam in the Old Testament
Anna, Mary, the daughters of Philip, Phoebe, Priscilla, Tryphena, Tryphosa, Persis, the women at the tomb in the New Testament
9.“Now, if the Word of God forbids female ministry, we would ask how it happens that so many of the most devoted handmaidens of the Lord have felt themselves constrained by the Holy Ghost to exercise it? Surely there must be some mistake somewhere, for the Word and the Spirit cannot contradict each other.”
Major Joann Shade: Biblical Equality
3 principles found in paradigm developed by Christians for Biblical Equality:
- Human equality: all are equal before God and at home, at church, in society
- Equal responsibility: membership, ministry, and mission are open to all
- Mutual submission: Christian love in action, treating each person with dignity
Major Joann Shade: Biblical Equality
The challenge before us includes:
- Embrace our imperative of biblical equality
- Invest in continued development of women
- Movement toward repentance and reconciliation
- An awakening and an arising – using our power to affect change
Active Salvation Army Women Officers say:
Challenges faced as an Officer include:
Ministering from the source of an unhealthy soul
Ministry driven by an addiction to approval
Ignoring my own physical/emotional needs
Entangled in the deadly game of comparison
Having to minister for an extended length of time outside my area of giftedness”
