test 1 Flashcards
how are attitudes toward yeah expressed in mass media
gruesome death, violent, shows the world as more violent, people are scared
how are attitudes toward death expressed in language
vague, passive, “laid to rest, passed away, remains, try not to be gruesome
how are attitudes toward death expressed in music
- dirge is a hymn of grief —elegies are musical setting for poems commemorating a persons death that are emotional and spiritual
- operas are an obsession with death or romanticized
- country has 7 different categories
1. pervasiveness of death
2. violent and tragic
3. songs of love and death
4. death and the family
5. celebrity of death
6. religious influences of death - blues, gospel music expresses a wealth of images of loss and grief
how are attitudes about death expressed with literature
- the language of bereavement and grief is enhanced buy literacy resources that help people give voice to their own stories of loss
- elegy, to a power or song memorializing the dead
- meaning of death is often explored as it relates to society as well as the individual
how are attitudes towards death expressed with visual arts
- revleased through symbols, signs and images
- sculpt to make them look like whatever you want
how are attitudes towards death expressed with humor
- defuses anxiety
- puts fearful possibilities into manageable perspective
- raises our consciousness about a taboo subject and gives us a way to talk about
- presents and opportunity to rise above sadness, providing a release from pain and promoting a sense of control over a traumatic situation, even if we cannot change it
- great leveler, it treats everyone alike and sends the message that there are no exemptions from the human predicament
what is the difference between an obituary and death notice
obituary is a long column that is very explanatory of life while a death notice is short and just states someone died
what is a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing
euphemisms
ex.
Croaked= lo anger with us
left us = departed
terminated= resting in peace
what are types of music that use death themes
operas, plays, death metal, blues, country
what is the unique designation of the AIDS quilt
represents family and community.
- specific names for solidarity
- affirms the value of creative expression as a means of coping with loss
how is humor used to communicate messages in a health care setting
humor offers a way to cope with effects of shattering diagnosis
- serves a protective psychological function and help people maintain their equilibrium
- emergency service personnel use humor to distance themselves from horrific death as to rebound from traumatic experiences
summarize the research related to death anxiety
women have higher anxiety
- older people have low anxiety
- people who are religious have lower
- blacks have more anxiety
how has life expectancy changed since 1900
in US 47-79
less death with children
what are the leading causes of death in the U.S.
heart disease cancer respiratory disease stroke accidents alzheimers disease diabetes influenza/pneumonia kidney disease suicide
what are concepts of a mature concept of death
- Universality- all living things must die
- Irreversibility- death isn’t irrevocable and final. Organisms that die cannot be made alive again
- Non-functionality- death involves the cessation of all physiological functioning. All life-defining bodily functions and capabilities cease at death
- casualty- there are biological reasons for the occurrence of death. This component includes recognition of both internal and external causes of death
- Personal Mortality- it makes explicit the understanding not only that all living things die but also that each living thing will die
- non empirical human beings survive in some form beyond the death of the physical body.
How do children who have experienced death develop differently than those who have not
children who encounter death may arrive may arrive at a more mature understanding of death than is typical of other children
list and describe Erik Ericksons psychosocial stages of adult development
basic needs of connectedness and independence complement and support each other in the successful resolution of each stage. all issues surrounding the development of identity and the mastery of various tasks and skills are present at every period of a persons life
- 0-1 Trust versus mistrust
- 1-3 autonomy versus shame
- 3-6 Initiative versus guilt
- 6-11 industry versus interiority
- 11-19 identity versus confusion
- 19-40 intimacy versus isolation
- 40-65 generatively versus stagnation
- 65-65+ integrity versus despair
describe Piaget’s model of cognitive development
focus was on the cognitive transformations that occur during childhood. The basic unit of understanding is a scheme defined as a pattern of knowing something. Development occurs through two complementary processes; assimilation and accommodation.
how does socialization impacts a mature understanding of death
process by which an individual becomes identified as member of a particular culture, learning and internalizing the norms, values, rules and behaviors of society
how does re-socialization impact a mature understanding of death
uprooting and restructuring of basic attitudes, values or identities. Occurs when adults take on new roles that require replacing their existing values and modes of behavior.
EX. Widowhood
How does secondary socialization impact a mature understanding of death
the learning of new rules and behaviors when one becomes a member of a smaller group within the larger society, such as the military, a profession, an urban gang or a new neighborhood
how does tactic socialization impact a mature understanding of death
refers to a strategies that, for example, hospice caregivers use to informally teach people about death and dying
what are the themes of childrens stories and lullabies
death and violence, murder, misery, loss, mourning
how can parents and others fine teachable moments to help others understand death
immediacy such naturally occurring events are ideal for learning.
Do not scare children or others about death
what is all that in human society which is socially rather than biologically transmitted
culture
what is name avoidance and why is it practiced in some cultures
- deceased might be referred to as that one of allusions may be made to particular traits or a special quality a person was known for during is of her lifetime.
- Deceased is not referred to by name but not only be his or her relationship to the speaker, living people with the same name as the deceased must adopt new names, death names are given to closest kin, honor the memory of a loved one or to ensure that the should of the dead is reincarnated
what was buried within churchyards
charnel house
how did burial practices changed over the years and when rural cemeteries emerged
- 12th cent- individualism, images or representations of dead, preserve identity of person
- 13- effigies gave us clues about how people of the time viewed death
- Renaissance- burials began to take place at cemeteries
- 1830- tending to graveyards,
how had the deathbed scene has changed over the years
- -middle ages (people did not have sudden deaths. It was expected by natural causes or internal certainty. Offered themselves to God. Laying down, head facing east toward Jerusalem, family and friends are gathered. Public ceremony.
- following centuries- family and friends still gathered. Not as much religion
- Mid-twentieth century- technological process
facts about Mexican burial
Dia Dios Nuetros- celebration of life, clean graves, put flowers, altars in city
-decorates graves
-family takes care of deceased
-
facts about native american burial
- do not embalm
- embrace death
- left their dead on frozen ground
- place dead in tombs
- southeastern- dig up corpses and clean the bones then bury again
- western mountains- bury in caves or rocks
- california- cremation
- Reincarnation
- believe in two souls- one that dies and one that wonders off after death for about 4 days
facts about African burial
- if you do not have the right kind of burial and death or they will haunt you
- leave body in home that they died in, for different amounts of times
- confuse the spirit, take them out through a hold, zig zags
facts about Polynesian burial
- if die at home or they will come back and haunt
- at afterlife, wall between death and living is thin
- if a baby is miscarried- baby is vicious
- if someone gives you a gift you give one back
- bright colors
facts about Buddhist burial
- if a person dies, do not touch them for 3-4 days
- death is not sad
- do not believe in soul
- cremation
- nirvanna is ultimate goal
facts about Abariganese burial
- if baby dies then termites eat the flesh, mother will keep baby bones
- cut own flesh and have pen wounds
- build a platform and put the body on top, and put flowers, they wait for about a month of until it is decayed
- do not say say the person name or have pictures of them, family remain home, restrict family members in non funeral activities
facts about Jewish burial
-death is not end
-spirits who are righteous go to heaven
-simple
-bury them soon
-
facts about Catholic burial
–when dying they rely on priests
-spouse year of mourning, cannot interact with app sex
-
facts about Hindu burial
- supreme god, karma,
- no organs should be removed
- chant sung in right ear
facts about Keltic burial
3 monuments, portal tomb, passage tomb, wedge tomb
-buried, cremated, asked
-honorable death was in battle
-
Cyantology facts on burial
- -happy
- talk to deceased directly
- body is not important
- you just keep going
- celebrating
what are components of the death systems
- People- funeral directors, life insurance agents, weapons designers, people who care for the dying.
- Places- cemeteries, funeral homes, battle fields, war memorials, disaster sites
- Times- memorial days and religious commemorations, Good Friday, anniversaries of important battles, Halloween
- Objects- obituaries, tombstones, hearses, electric chair
- Symbols- black armbands, funeral music, skull and crossbones, language about death
- Internet
what are the various definitions of death
Irreversible Loss of Flow of Vital Fluids
- Irreversible loss of the Soul from the Body
- Irreversible Loss of Capacity for Bodily Integration
- Irreversible loss for the Capacity of Consciousness or Social Interaction
what is the purpose of the coffin bell-pull device
if activated the box above the ground opened to let in air and light, the flag rose, a bell rang, and a light came on to signal that the buried person was still alive
What are eleven officials, not posses any special background or training
coroner
who are appointed, physicians, generally with advanced training and certification in anatomical and forensic pathology
medical examiner
when does an autopsy might be performed
to get answers of how someone dies, whether by infectious disease or malpractice, murder
what is the purpose of the death certificate
certify facts of dead, mode and place of death, crime detection, tracing genealogy, gaining knowledge about the incidence of ideas and other aspects of physical and psychological health
what are the three types of donors
organ (heart, lungs, liver, kidney, pancreas, small intestine, bone marrow)
Tissue
living (liver, kidneys, blood, plasma)
facts about organ donors
must pass away in hospital, must be on a ventilator, result of traumatic head injury
facts about tissue donors
12-24 hours after death to recover tissues
2-75 you can donate your corneas
what are the three main components of a health care system and the role they play in the society
- Hospitals- devoted to acute intensive care of a limited duration.
- Nursing Home- provide long term residential care for people who are chronically ill and those whole illness does not require acute, intensive care
- Hospice Care- comfort patient rather than curing
which country spends the most on health care
USA
what do most people want to know with regard to disclosing a life-threatening diagnosis
do want to be told if diagnosed with life-threatening illness
what does Richard Sandors believe to be the physicians most valuable asset
accurate communication
what was the purpose of Elizabeth Kugler-Ross work
she wanted to let terminally ill patients make their own case. Compassionate care of the dying
differentiate between hospice and palliative care
palliative- refers to treatment intended to relieve the symptoms or reduce the severity of an illness without curing the underlying disease
what are the origins of modern hospice
found in age-old customs of hospitality and in places of welcome maintained by early Christians
what services are hospice mandated to perform
- the patient and his her family are the unit of care
- care is provided in the home or in an inpatient facility
- symptom management is the focus of treatment
- treatment is direct toward the whole person
- care is interdisciplinary
- services are available twenty four hours a day seven days a week
What are challenges for hospice
cost of care, medicare may consider treatment too aggressive or inappropriate for hospice and disallow coverage, funding, people to do everything, accurate time of death
what is following accident injury of which the first fifteen minutes are especially critical
golden hour
what is involved assigning priorities to patients based on the seriousness of their injuries
triage
why will acknowledging the inevitability of death can be useful
we can prepare for it. We will not add more burdens
What are the principles of medical ethics
justice, impartiality, fairness, right and proper action
what is to do no harm
non-maleficence
what are the challenges of informed consent and self-determination
a full disclosure of what the patient wants can hinder others. Families might have their own opinions. Refusing doctor requests.
what was the purpose of the SUPPORT study
assess communication between physicians and seriously ill patients at the end of life found disturbing short-comings
what are the conditions of some of the people involved in the debate regarding the right-to-die
girl was found in bed not breathing after a very she was 21.
Nancy was in a vegetative state at 25
Terri collapsed from cardiac arrest, went into a coma then a vegetative state
what is a state of profound unconsciousness and unresponsiveness. Unusually after a few days or weeks, patient either regain consciousness, progress to a vegetative state of die
coma
what is in this state, coma has progressed to a state of wakefulness; eyes may be open and the patient may respond reflexively to painful stimuli, but there is no detectable awareness. hopelessly conscious
vegetative state
what is active Euthanasia
when death is done by an act
what is passive euthanasia
when a treatment that could sustain life is withheld or withdrawn
what was Dr. Jack Kevorkians role in PAS
symbol of the public debate about ethical and legal issues surrounding pas
which states were the first to legislate the right-to-die
oregon, washington
identify the origins of the world euthanasia
a deliberate act to end life
what was the purpose of an advanced directive
any statement made by a competent person about choices for medical treatment should he or she become unable to make such decisions or communicate them at some time in future
what allows an individual to refuse life-sustaining treatment in the event he or she is terminally ill and the administration of life-sustaining procedures would only prolong the dying process
living will
what is a directive names someone that you trust to act as your agent if you are unable to speak for yourself. If you want to choose one person to speak for you on health care matters, and someone else to make financial decisions, you can do separate financial and health care powers of attorney
power of attorney for health care
what are the five wishes
- The person I want to make care decisions for me when I cant
- The kind of medical treatment I want or don’t want
- How comfortable I want to be
- How I want people to treat me
- What I want my loved ones to know
what are the benefits of a valid will
can be assured that personal wishes will be carried out after death
what are the benefits of life insurance
become available right after death, benefits payable to a named beneficiary, relief and a sense of securing to a surviving spouse
