TEST 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The “Little Albert” experiment is an example of what type of learning?
A
Classical conditioning
2
Q
What is cognitive psychology?
A
The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind
3
Q
What is behaviorism?
A
It is the study of observable behavior
4
Q
Who proposed that children’s language development was caused by imitation and behavioral reinforcement?
A
B.F. Skinner
5
Q
The first formal laboratory of psychology was founded in Leipzig, Germany by ______.
A
Wundt
6
Q
The approach of structuralism, which is often associated with analytic introspection, was created by who?
A
Wundt
7
Q
What is the difference between behaviorism and cognitive psychology?
A
Behaviorism focuses on only observable behaviors, whereas cognitive psychology deals with the mind and what occurs within it.
8
Q
Who is known for their study of learning and forgetting curves?
A
Ebbinghaus
9
Q
Ebbinghaus’ study found that the further you are away from when you are tested _____________________.
A
The less you remember
10
Q
Who is known for the research on classical conditioning?
A
Ivan Pavlov
11
Q
The experiment of dogs salivating when hearing a bell is associated with which type of learning, and who did the experiment?
A
Classical conditioning and Pavlov.
12
Q
Who set into motion the idea that psychology should only be the study of behavior?
A
John B. Watsom
13
Q
What is the famous experiment John Watson is known for?
A
Little Albert
14
Q
B.F. Skinner is know for ______ _________.
A
Operant conditioning
15
Q
Who trained pigeons using reinforcement?
A
Skinner
16
Q
What is chompsky’s idea about learning?
A
Learning is not only imitation and reinforcement but also innate. There is an inborn biological program.
17
Q
A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired is ______ _______?
A
classical conditioning
18
Q
What is operant conditioning?
A
is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. An association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
19
Q
Who’s research provided a connection between action and its consequences?
A
Thorndike
20
Q
Thorndike discovered the law of effect, which is ____________________?
A
responses that produce a satisfying effect are more likely to occur again , and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again
21
Q
what is the NS, US,CS,UR, and CR for Pavlov’s experiment?
A
Bell (NS)+Food(US)=Salivation (UR)
Bell(CS)=Salivation(CR)
22
Q
what is the NS, US,CS,UR, and CR for the little Albert experiment?
A
White rat(NS)+loud noise(US)=fear (UR) White rat (CS)=fear (CR)
23
Q
A stimulus that initially produces no specific response is an ________ ________.
A
Neutral stimulus
24
Q
An unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the _________ ________.
A
unconditioned stimulus
25
An unconditioned stimulus is ....
any stimulus that can evoke a response without the organism going through any previous learning
26
An automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus is a _______ ________.
Conditioned response
27
A conditioned stimulus is one that ...
A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response produced by the unconditioned stimulus itself.
28
If a child is given a piece of candy every time they use the bathroom, am I using positive or negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement
29
If my son makes good grades and I take away his chores for a week, am I using positive or negative reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement
30
When I give a child more chores to do for negative behavior, what type of conditioning am I using?
Positive punishment
31
When someones phone is taken away because of bad behavior, what type of conditioning is being used?
Negative punishment
32
Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of
Cognition
33
What is a operant conditioning procedure that involves reinforcing the first response after a specific time interval?
Fixed interval
34
What is an operant conditioning procedure that involves reinforcing the last of a specific number of responses?
Fixed ratio
35
When Callie goes to restaurants and orders appetizers, she sometimes receives them within five minutes, sometimes within ten minutes, and sometimes within fifteen minutes. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
Variable interval
36
Each year, working Americans are required by law to file their income taxes by the April 15 deadline. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
Fixed internal
37
What in operant conditioning, is the delivery of a reinforcer for very single response?
continuous reinforcement
38
The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made foreach reward is called
fixed ratio
39
Because some learning doesn't occur in a single event, they are learned in a series of steps. This is called ______.
shaping
40
One's behavior drops once the reinforcement is discontinued. This is called ______.
extinction
41
What is an extinction burst?
when a child's behavior increases before it stops
42
What is a post reinforcement pause?
when one's behavior dips right after receiving the reinforcement.
43
What occurs when differential reinforcement of other behavior is applied?
One reinforces a behavior that can not be done at the same times as the negative behavior. example: A child is constantly getting out of his seat, so you reinforce him sitting in the seat.
44
Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses
Perception
45
T/F-- perception cannot be changed based on added information.
False-- it can be changed based on added information.
46
What provides information for perception?
Sensation
47
Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and behavioral reinforcement?
Skinner
48
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. What are the skills?
Solving problems, communicating with other people, answering questions
49
Speech segmentation is...
organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
50
What role does sensation play in perception?
senses are stimulated and take in information to help guide perception
51
The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of ________ processing.
bottom-up
52
When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator), this is an example of _________ processing.
top-down processing
53
Information traveling from nerve endings to the brain is known as ___________.
Bottom-up processing
54
Bottom-up processing starts with _________.
the senses
55
What type of processing starts with the brain and is deals with a person's knowledge, experience, expectations?
top-down processing
56
What is the law of good continuation?
When lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest
| path
57
Give an example of the law of good continuation
When you see a rope on a beach, good continuation allows us to perceive the rope as a single strand.
58
Law of pragnanz
Every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting
| structure is as simple as possible
59
Good figure and the principle of simplicity are branches of which Gestalt law?
Law of pragnanz
60
The Olympic symbols being perceived as 5 circles instead of 9 shapes is an example of _____________.
the principle of simplicity
61
What is the Law of Similarity?
Similar things appear grouped together
62
Give an example of the Law of Similarity?
camouflage
63
What did Gestalt suggest?
The mind groups patterns according to laws of perceptual organization
64
What is the oblique effect?
People can perceive verticals and horizontals more
| easily than other orientations
65
If I am attending to one thing while ignoring others, I am using ________ attention.
Selective
66
What is divided attention?
paying attention to more than one thing at a time
67
Why is Broadbent's model called the early selection model?
because it suggests that the message is filtered before incoming information is analyzed for meaning
68
What is the process of Broadbent's model?
message go into---->sensory memory----> filter
| --->detector---->memory
69
What did Treisman's attenuation model suggest?
That the attended message can be separated from unattended message early in the information-processing system--selection can also occur later
70
Treisman's attenuation model
(attended)
--------->
messages--->attenuator dictionary-->memory
---->
(unattended)
71
In the attenuation model, what role does the attenuator play?
it analyzes incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning
72
In the attenuation model, which message is let through the attenuator at a stronger strength?
The attended message
73
In the attenuation model, what role does the dictionary unit play?
Contains words, each of which have thresholds for being activated
74
Do common words or important words have a high or low threshold? why?
low threshold-- because the more uncommon, the higher the threshold.
75
What is the different between early and late selection?
in early selection-- the message is filtered before incoming information is analyzed for meaning
in late selection-- selection occurs later, incoming info can be processed to meaning before the message to be further processed is selected.
76
When task irrelevant stimuli are very powerful, this is known as the _____________.
stroop effect
77
Give an example of how the stroop effect occurs.
When trying to identify the ink color of the word yellow and the ink color is red.
78
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ________ of words.
meaning
79
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
80
Scene scheme is
knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.
81
The Stroop effect demonstrates
how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing.
82
The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for _________.
meaning
83
Describe the Stroop effect and explain the significance of the Stroop effect for understanding attention.
The Stroop effect is when a stimuli irrelevant to you at the moment is very powerful. For example, the meaning of the word yellow when you are trying to decipher the actual color of the ink of the word. This is important in understanding attention because from the example you can understand how inhibition is important when it comes to attention.
84
Describe and differentiate classical and operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning is behavior that is observed and therefore learned and then either rewarded to increase the behavior or punished to decrease it. Classical conditioning is behavior that is learned through the pairing of two things. For example, dogs paired a bell with food because every time they heard the bell, there was food, which then resulted in the behavior of salivating.
85
A perceptual load is ________________
the difficulty of a given task
86
Do high-load task use higher or lower amounts of processing?
Higher
87
Which type of perceptual load uses lower amounts of perceptual capacity?
low-load tasks
88
What is inattentional blindness?
a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person might be looking directly at it
89
What are the 2 flaws in attention?
inattentional blindness and change blindness
90
What is binding?
The process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.
91
Why is binding important?
If binding did not occur, we would not be able to put together and perceive.
92
Overt attention is _____________.
when one shifts attention from one place to another by moving the eyes.
93
What is covert attention?
Directing attention while keeping our eyes stationary.
94
What are the steps of Treisman's integration theory?
object--->preattentive stage (analyze features)--->focused attention stage(combine features)--->perception
95
What is the cocktail party effect?
Being able to focus on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli.
96
Being able to observe and know that a printer does not belong in a kitchen is an example of
scene schema
97
What is the binding problem?
It refers to the process used by the brain to combine the results of many sensory operations into a single thing.
98
What did Albert Bandura think about learning?
He agreed with classical and operant conditioning but also added that behavior is learned from the environment through observational learning
99
What is token economy?
a system for providing positive reinforcement.
100
What is the likelihood principle?
visual system prefers the most likely interpretation of a stimulus.
