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Biol 3040 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution

A

The process of descent with modification that is responsible for the origin, maintenance, and diversity of life

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2
Q

The initial explanation for why the world is the way it is, is because God made it that way

A

Supernatural cause of everything

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3
Q

This philosopher believed the natural world was driven by physical rather than supernatural actions; started the tree of explaining the world based on natural (observable phenomena)

A

Anaximander

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4
Q

This philosopher started the birth of the scientific method, but failed to test their hypotheses

A

Anaximander

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5
Q

this philosopher proposed that we must test our hypotheses which led to the maturation of the scientific method

A

Aristotle

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6
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method

A
  1. Make observations 2. Formulate hypotheses 3. Derive predictions 4. Experimentally test
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7
Q

A testable suggested explanation of a phenomenon

A

Hypothesis

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8
Q

A broad explanation of an observation or observations

A

Theory

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9
Q

What 3 theories are there

A

Theory of gravity, theory of relativity, theory of evolution

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10
Q

How does a theory differ from hypothesis

A

In scope, evidence, and explanatory power. A theory is built upon a test of many hypotheses

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11
Q

How did ancient people view the world

A

the world was static and unchanging and not really that old

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12
Q

this naturalist studied fossil plants and was outside all the time; found a leaf fossilized and realized the leaf was extremely older than we though trees were

A

Empedocles

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13
Q

Studied fossiles and realized how deep fossils were and the variety it must have belongs a long time ago

A

Xenophanes

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14
Q

He used the old testament to date creation to October 23, 4004 BC; helped change the idea of time

A

James Ussher

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15
Q

The invention of ____ showed the universe was vastly more expansive and old than anyone expected

A

Telescope

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16
Q

He used mathematical equations (physics) to say earth was about 75 -3M years old

A

Georges-Louis Leclerc

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17
Q

He used geology by looking at different strata of soil and rocks and theorized that earth was inconceivably old

A

James Hutton

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18
Q

He wrote a book called principles of geology and he is responsible for establishing the idea that geologic change occurred gradually and over a long time

A

Charles lyell

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19
Q

geological features arose through same processes operating and now current landscape resulted from mostly as process of gradual change

A

uniformitarianism

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20
Q

Major geological features arose through sudden events

A

Catastrophism

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21
Q

Great chain of being

A

Scala naturae

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22
Q

The study of animals or plants

A

natural history which was established by aristotle

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23
Q

every organism represented a specific unique link in a chain of increasing complexity–> put into a classification system called

A

taxonomy

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24
Q

attempted to explain _________ naturally rather than supernaturally which was good

A

origins of life

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25
Q

tended to explain the origins of life using the idea of this

A

spontaneous generation

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26
Q

the idea that complex life forms arise, without external stimuli form non-living matter

A

spontaneous generation

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27
Q

Who disproved the idea of spontaneous generation

A

Francesco Redi

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28
Q

What was Redi’s experiment

A

Covered meat jars with saran wrap and one with a screen and if spontaneous generation were true, fruit flies would pop out of the meat with the saran wrap

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29
Q

who argued that all life developed from a single living filament; believed in modification of the filament created different life forms; and understood the struggle for existence life is about resource for acquisition, resource use, and offspring production

A

Erasmus Darwin

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30
Q

Why isn’t Erasmus Darwin the father of evolution?

A

he failed to connect the struggle for existence to evolutionary change and he believed the lifetime acquisition of traits passed onto offspring

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31
Q

who thought species composition has changed over time, believed the change is slow, gradual and not the result of catastrophe, and thought of species in terms of populations rather than individuals

A

Robert Chambers

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32
Q

This person wrote about the idea that new species arise from older species, and changes are small in scope and difference, but he failed to explain why these new species arise

A

Robert Chambers

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33
Q

who argued that structure of organisms fit their functions but also argued that the array of organisms resulted from god’s planning

A

William Paley

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34
Q

believing new species arose from older less complex species

A

transformationist theory

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35
Q

Who believes in the transformationist theory and provided a mechanism for how change occurred; inheritance of acquired characters during an organisms lifetime and structural changes are passes to next generation

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

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36
Q

changes to the function of the genome that do NOT involve nucleotide differences

A

epigenetics

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37
Q

what are some examples of epigenetics

A

methylation or histone modification

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38
Q

what kind of family was Charles Darwin born in

A

A wealthy family of 6 kids

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39
Q

What was Darwin’s father’s profession

A

Physician

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40
Q

What happened to Darwin when he studied medicine

A

He hated it so he skipped class, learned taxidermy, and became interested in natural history

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41
Q

Where did Darwin transfer for a BA degree and what did he do

A

Christ’s College, collected beetles and hung out with leading naturalists (John Henslow, botanist)

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42
Q

who’s work did Darwin become fascinated by

A

Paley’s work explaining the assortment of animal forms

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43
Q

structural changes that are passed to next generation

A

inheritance of acquired characteristics

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44
Q

who recommended him as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle

A

Henslow

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45
Q

what was the Beagle’s mission

A

chart the coastline of S. America which lasted 5 years and his father paid for it

46
Q

Darwin was given a copy of who’s book

A

Lyell’s book Principles of Geology by Robert FitzRoy

47
Q

who was Robert FitzRoy

A

captain of the Beagle

48
Q

when did Darwin return from his trip?

A

He returned to Cambridge in Oct 1836

49
Q

What happened when Darwin came back

A

He met with John Henslow, was introduced to Charles Lyell (geologist) and John Gould (ornithologist), and read Malthus (about struggle for human existence for survival)

50
Q

read theory of evolution

A

by natural selection

51
Q

When was the Origin of Species published

A

1859

52
Q

What was chapter 1 about in the Origin of Species

A

Used pigeons to introduce the concept of artificial selection and establish ideas of variability and inheritance for “lay audience”

53
Q

What was chapter 2 about in the Origin of Species

A

Use ideas of varieties to blur differences with species

54
Q

what was chapter 3 about

A

establishing the struggle for existence (look in notes for more details)

55
Q

The process that favors any variant of a trait that increases the survival and reproductive success of an individual

A

natural selection

56
Q

What should you remember about natural selection

A

Increases in survival and reproductive success can be small, variations in a trait may not be easily detected, and reproductive success is really key (longer survival=increased reproduction)

57
Q

what explains why we see groups of similar organisms because they share a common ancestor

A

the tree of life

58
Q

what was the reaction to darwin’s dangerous idea?

A

lots of people were pissed, most scientists rejected the idea of natural selection driving evolutionary change

59
Q

who came up with the punnett square

A

Gregor Mendel

60
Q

Who wrote The Modern Synthesis

A

Fisher, Wright, and Haldane

61
Q

What was the Modern Synthesis

A

It connected evolution and genetics; Genes are inherited in act form; mutation is a source of genetic variation, not all mutations are harmful, small mutation can have large effects, and changes in genotype affect the phenotype

62
Q

Individuals in a population are different

A

variation

63
Q

that/those differences are heritable

A

Inheritance

64
Q

That/those differences increase fitness

A

Reproductive success

65
Q

The ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment

A

Fitness

66
Q

Inherited trait that mess an organism more fit in its environment and that has arisen as a result of natural selection for its primary function

A

Adaptation

67
Q

What is the rule for adaptation

A

Trait must have been shaped by natural selection

68
Q

what are the limitations of natural selection

A

Adaptation is proportional to variation; selection is subject to selection, selection is affected by gene flow, selection is limited by physics, the environment is a constantly moving target, and selection lacks foresight

69
Q

what does adaption is proportional to variation mean

A

if there dis little or no variation, there is little to no adaptation

70
Q

What does selection is subject to selection mean

A

pleiotropic genes (those affecting more than one trait) can be subject to competing selection pressures; ex: green eyes increase your fitness 5% but increase your mortality 10%

71
Q

What is gene flow

A

the movement of alleles from one population to another

72
Q

What does selection is limited by physics mean

A

because of physical laws, some limitations cannot be overcome

73
Q

we compete with other organisms in our environment whoa re themselves constantly evolving

A

evolutionary arms race

74
Q

Elaborate on selection lacks foresight

A

Selection favors change that is immediately beneficial, not useful some time in the future

75
Q

A trait originally selected for one function later co-opted to serve a different selectively advantageous function

A

exaptation

76
Q

Why is exaptation important

A

its important in the development of complex traits because new morphological structures rarely arise on their own; example: Feathers, dinosaurs developed feathers for other reasons than flight

77
Q

What are some reasons dinosaurs evolved feathers

A

thermal regulation, sunlight protection, signaling, tactile sensation, prey capture, defense, water-proofing

78
Q

single celled organisms lacking membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or membrane bond organelle

A

Prokaryotes

79
Q

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed by membranes

A

eukaryotes

80
Q

the production of offspring from unfertilized gametes produced by a single female parent

A

asexual reproduction

81
Q

the joining together of genetic material from two parents through amphimixis

A

sexual reproduction

82
Q

a three step process of sexual reproduction involving recombination, gamete production, and gamete fusion

A

amphimixis

83
Q

crossover between homologous chromosomes

A

recombination

84
Q

production of haploid gametes from diploid individuals by meiosis

A

gamete production

85
Q

gamete exchange between individuals where haploid gamete fuse for form diploid offspring

A

gamete fusion

86
Q

A special case of natural selection that “depends on the advantage which certain individuals of the same sex and species in exclusive relation to reproduction

A

Sexual selection

87
Q

Individuals of one sex (often argued to be females) select among individuals of another

A

intersexual selection

88
Q

individuals of one sex (often argued to be males) compete with each other for access to individuals of the other

A

intrasexual selection

89
Q

What drives inter and intra secual selectoin

A

anisogamy

90
Q

Production of two different kinds of gametes

A

anisogamy

91
Q

inexpensive to produce (200-500 mil per ejaculation) cheap, common, only takes one

A

sperm

92
Q

costly to produce, (bout 400 mature produced during lifetime) expensive, valuable, rare, always need one

A

egg

93
Q

what is the prediction of sexual selection theory for males?

A

male variance in reproduction success should be high

94
Q

what is the prediction of sexual selection theory for females

A

female variance in repro success should be low

95
Q

what are the two major types of competition?

A

physical combat(direct) and reproductive competition (indirect)

96
Q

when two or more individuals receive a net benefit from their joint actions

A

cooperation

97
Q

the degree to which organisms associate and form cooperative societies

A

sociality

98
Q

performing an action that reduces your own fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual

A

altruism

99
Q

taking advantage of group actions without consequence to your own fitness

A

cheating (free riders)

100
Q

what are the 3 major hypotheses explaining evolution of cooperation/sociality (not mutually exclusive)

A

kinship, reciprocity, and group selection

101
Q

an individuals fitness is the sum of both direct fitness and indirect fitness

A

inclusive fitness

102
Q

the number of viable offspring an individual produces

A

direct fitness

103
Q

the incremental effect an individuals behavior has on the direct fitness of its genetic relatives

A

indirect fitness

104
Q

an allele X for helping shows a relative increase in frequency when rb-c>0

A

hamiltons rule

105
Q

relatedness btw individuals

A

R

106
Q

benefit received from (behavioral) traits

A

B

107
Q

cost associated with expressing the trait

A

C

108
Q

can explain cooperation among distant or non-relatives

A

reciprocity

109
Q

performing an action that reduces your own fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual with the expectation that this action will be repaid

A

reciprocal altruism

110
Q

performing an action that increases the fitness of a group or population

A

group selection

111
Q

who argued against group selection and that it should be a “last resort”

A

George C. Williams

Biol 3040 (1 decks)

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