Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is evolution
A
The process of descent with modification that is responsible for the origin, maintenance, and diversity of life
2
Q
The initial explanation for why the world is the way it is, is because God made it that way
A
Supernatural cause of everything
3
Q
This philosopher believed the natural world was driven by physical rather than supernatural actions; started the tree of explaining the world based on natural (observable phenomena)
A
Anaximander
4
Q
This philosopher started the birth of the scientific method, but failed to test their hypotheses
A
Anaximander
5
Q
this philosopher proposed that we must test our hypotheses which led to the maturation of the scientific method
A
Aristotle
6
Q
What are the steps of the scientific method
A
- Make observations 2. Formulate hypotheses 3. Derive predictions 4. Experimentally test
7
Q
A testable suggested explanation of a phenomenon
A
Hypothesis
8
Q
A broad explanation of an observation or observations
A
Theory
9
Q
What 3 theories are there
A
Theory of gravity, theory of relativity, theory of evolution
10
Q
How does a theory differ from hypothesis
A
In scope, evidence, and explanatory power. A theory is built upon a test of many hypotheses
11
Q
How did ancient people view the world
A
the world was static and unchanging and not really that old
12
Q
this naturalist studied fossil plants and was outside all the time; found a leaf fossilized and realized the leaf was extremely older than we though trees were
A
Empedocles
13
Q
Studied fossiles and realized how deep fossils were and the variety it must have belongs a long time ago
A
Xenophanes
14
Q
He used the old testament to date creation to October 23, 4004 BC; helped change the idea of time
A
James Ussher
15
Q
The invention of ____ showed the universe was vastly more expansive and old than anyone expected
A
Telescope
16
Q
He used mathematical equations (physics) to say earth was about 75 -3M years old
A
Georges-Louis Leclerc
17
Q
He used geology by looking at different strata of soil and rocks and theorized that earth was inconceivably old
A
James Hutton
18
Q
He wrote a book called principles of geology and he is responsible for establishing the idea that geologic change occurred gradually and over a long time
A
Charles lyell
19
Q
geological features arose through same processes operating and now current landscape resulted from mostly as process of gradual change
A
uniformitarianism
20
Q
Major geological features arose through sudden events
A
Catastrophism
21
Q
Great chain of being
A
Scala naturae
22
Q
The study of animals or plants
A
natural history which was established by aristotle
23
Q
every organism represented a specific unique link in a chain of increasing complexity–> put into a classification system called
A
taxonomy
24
Q
attempted to explain _________ naturally rather than supernaturally which was good
A
origins of life
25
tended to explain the origins of life using the idea of this
spontaneous generation
26
the idea that complex life forms arise, without external stimuli form non-living matter
spontaneous generation
27
Who disproved the idea of spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi
28
What was Redi's experiment
Covered meat jars with saran wrap and one with a screen and if spontaneous generation were true, fruit flies would pop out of the meat with the saran wrap
29
who argued that all life developed from a single living filament; believed in modification of the filament created different life forms; and understood the struggle for existence life is about resource for acquisition, resource use, and offspring production
Erasmus Darwin
30
Why isn't Erasmus Darwin the father of evolution?
he failed to connect the struggle for existence to evolutionary change and he believed the lifetime acquisition of traits passed onto offspring
31
who thought species composition has changed over time, believed the change is slow, gradual and not the result of catastrophe, and thought of species in terms of populations rather than individuals
Robert Chambers
32
This person wrote about the idea that new species arise from older species, and changes are small in scope and difference, but he failed to explain why these new species arise
Robert Chambers
33
who argued that structure of organisms fit their functions but also argued that the array of organisms resulted from god's planning
William Paley
34
believing new species arose from older less complex species
transformationist theory
35
Who believes in the transformationist theory and provided a mechanism for how change occurred; inheritance of acquired characters during an organisms lifetime and structural changes are passes to next generation
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
36
changes to the function of the genome that do NOT involve nucleotide differences
epigenetics
37
what are some examples of epigenetics
methylation or histone modification
38
what kind of family was Charles Darwin born in
A wealthy family of 6 kids
39
What was Darwin's father's profession
Physician
40
What happened to Darwin when he studied medicine
He hated it so he skipped class, learned taxidermy, and became interested in natural history
41
Where did Darwin transfer for a BA degree and what did he do
Christ's College, collected beetles and hung out with leading naturalists (John Henslow, botanist)
42
who's work did Darwin become fascinated by
Paley's work explaining the assortment of animal forms
43
structural changes that are passed to next generation
inheritance of acquired characteristics
44
who recommended him as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle
Henslow
45
what was the Beagle's mission
chart the coastline of S. America which lasted 5 years and his father paid for it
46
Darwin was given a copy of who's book
Lyell's book Principles of Geology by Robert FitzRoy
47
who was Robert FitzRoy
captain of the Beagle
48
when did Darwin return from his trip?
He returned to Cambridge in Oct 1836
49
What happened when Darwin came back
He met with John Henslow, was introduced to Charles Lyell (geologist) and John Gould (ornithologist), and read Malthus (about struggle for human existence for survival)
50
read theory of evolution
by natural selection
51
When was the Origin of Species published
1859
52
What was chapter 1 about in the Origin of Species
Used pigeons to introduce the concept of artificial selection and establish ideas of variability and inheritance for "lay audience"
53
What was chapter 2 about in the Origin of Species
Use ideas of varieties to blur differences with species
54
what was chapter 3 about
establishing the struggle for existence (look in notes for more details)
55
The process that favors any variant of a trait that increases the survival and reproductive success of an individual
natural selection
56
What should you remember about natural selection
Increases in survival and reproductive success can be small, variations in a trait may not be easily detected, and reproductive success is really key (longer survival=increased reproduction)
57
what explains why we see groups of similar organisms because they share a common ancestor
the tree of life
58
what was the reaction to darwin's dangerous idea?
lots of people were pissed, most scientists rejected the idea of natural selection driving evolutionary change
59
who came up with the punnett square
Gregor Mendel
60
Who wrote The Modern Synthesis
Fisher, Wright, and Haldane
61
What was the Modern Synthesis
It connected evolution and genetics; Genes are inherited in act form; mutation is a source of genetic variation, not all mutations are harmful, small mutation can have large effects, and changes in genotype affect the phenotype
62
Individuals in a population are different
variation
63
that/those differences are heritable
Inheritance
64
That/those differences increase fitness
Reproductive success
65
The ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment
Fitness
66
Inherited trait that mess an organism more fit in its environment and that has arisen as a result of natural selection for its primary function
Adaptation
67
What is the rule for adaptation
Trait must have been shaped by natural selection
68
what are the limitations of natural selection
Adaptation is proportional to variation; selection is subject to selection, selection is affected by gene flow, selection is limited by physics, the environment is a constantly moving target, and selection lacks foresight
69
what does adaption is proportional to variation mean
if there dis little or no variation, there is little to no adaptation
70
What does selection is subject to selection mean
pleiotropic genes (those affecting more than one trait) can be subject to competing selection pressures; ex: green eyes increase your fitness 5% but increase your mortality 10%
71
What is gene flow
the movement of alleles from one population to another
72
What does selection is limited by physics mean
because of physical laws, some limitations cannot be overcome
73
we compete with other organisms in our environment whoa re themselves constantly evolving
evolutionary arms race
74
Elaborate on selection lacks foresight
Selection favors change that is immediately beneficial, not useful some time in the future
75
A trait originally selected for one function later co-opted to serve a different selectively advantageous function
exaptation
76
Why is exaptation important
its important in the development of complex traits because new morphological structures rarely arise on their own; example: Feathers, dinosaurs developed feathers for other reasons than flight
77
What are some reasons dinosaurs evolved feathers
thermal regulation, sunlight protection, signaling, tactile sensation, prey capture, defense, water-proofing
78
single celled organisms lacking membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or membrane bond organelle
Prokaryotes
79
organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed by membranes
eukaryotes
80
the production of offspring from unfertilized gametes produced by a single female parent
asexual reproduction
81
the joining together of genetic material from two parents through amphimixis
sexual reproduction
82
a three step process of sexual reproduction involving recombination, gamete production, and gamete fusion
amphimixis
83
crossover between homologous chromosomes
recombination
84
production of haploid gametes from diploid individuals by meiosis
gamete production
85
gamete exchange between individuals where haploid gamete fuse for form diploid offspring
gamete fusion
86
A special case of natural selection that "depends on the advantage which certain individuals of the same sex and species in exclusive relation to reproduction
Sexual selection
87
Individuals of one sex (often argued to be females) select among individuals of another
intersexual selection
88
individuals of one sex (often argued to be males) compete with each other for access to individuals of the other
intrasexual selection
89
What drives inter and intra secual selectoin
anisogamy
90
Production of two different kinds of gametes
anisogamy
91
inexpensive to produce (200-500 mil per ejaculation) cheap, common, only takes one
sperm
92
costly to produce, (bout 400 mature produced during lifetime) expensive, valuable, rare, always need one
egg
93
what is the prediction of sexual selection theory for males?
male variance in reproduction success should be high
94
what is the prediction of sexual selection theory for females
female variance in repro success should be low
95
what are the two major types of competition?
physical combat(direct) and reproductive competition (indirect)
96
when two or more individuals receive a net benefit from their joint actions
cooperation
97
the degree to which organisms associate and form cooperative societies
sociality
98
performing an action that reduces your own fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual
altruism
99
taking advantage of group actions without consequence to your own fitness
cheating (free riders)
100
what are the 3 major hypotheses explaining evolution of cooperation/sociality (not mutually exclusive)
kinship, reciprocity, and group selection
101
an individuals fitness is the sum of both direct fitness and indirect fitness
inclusive fitness
102
the number of viable offspring an individual produces
direct fitness
103
the incremental effect an individuals behavior has on the direct fitness of its genetic relatives
indirect fitness
104
an allele X for helping shows a relative increase in frequency when rb-c>0
hamiltons rule
105
relatedness btw individuals
R
106
benefit received from (behavioral) traits
B
107
cost associated with expressing the trait
C
108
can explain cooperation among distant or non-relatives
reciprocity
109
performing an action that reduces your own fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual with the expectation that this action will be repaid
reciprocal altruism
110
performing an action that increases the fitness of a group or population
group selection
111
who argued against group selection and that it should be a "last resort"
George C. Williams
