TEST 1 Flashcards
What is sexual intelligence?(4)
o Understanding oneself sexually
o Having interpersonal sexual skills and integrity
o Involves having accurate scientific knowledge about sexuality
o Includes understanding the broader cultural, political, and legal contexts of sexual issues
Problems with sex surveys
Nonresponse and inaccuracy of response
NHSLS Study
Another big study that looked at sexual behaviors in the US more recently—
Masturbation: Men 60%, Women 40%
Extramarital Affairs: Men 24%, Women 15%
Orgasm-always: Men 75%, Women 29%
Kinsey Report
- Interviewed over 20,000 subjects in the 1940s and the 50s and gave people an idea of how frequently people masturbate, have premarital sex, extramarital sex etc.
- Let people know how similar/dissimilar their behaviors are to others
External Female Structure
The vulva
Mons Veneris–Function of hair: (3)
- Vaginal secretions associated with sexual arousal held there
- Can enhance sexual pleasure; cushions during sexual activity may also trap bacteria, etc.
- Helps prevent vaginal infections
Function of Clitoris
Only function appears to be sexual arousal/pleasure; stimulation is most common way that women experience orgasm
Clitoridectomy
(Removal of clitoris):Genital infibulations: clitoris and labia removed, vuvla stitched up; as text asks, is this tradition, or torture.
Female Internal Structure
Vagina
Grafenburg Spot
Front wall of vagina—sexual arousal, orgasm, and ejaculation
Douching
Leads to increased pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, increased susceptibility to infections (leading cause of vaginitis), transmission of HIV, ectopic pregnancy, decreased fertility.
What can feminine hygiene sprays cause?
Ovarian cancer
Fallopian Tubes
ectopic pregnancy-can be fatal if not treated immediately—ruptures tube and causes uncontrolled bleeding
Menarche
timing related to heredity, health, and altitude
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
• Related to drops in estrogen levels in the week prior to menstruation
PMDD Physical Symptoms
bloating, pain, food craving—decrease these with regular exercise, low salt intake, sexual activity.
PMDD Physological Symptoms
• Psycological Symptoms-irritability, depression, mood swings
o Control—SSRIs/Oral contraceptives help
Dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation, primary cause over production of prostaglandins; secondary-endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease
Amenorrhea
never had period—primary cause-problems with reproductive organs, poor health; secondary-stopped having cycle, anorexia, high levels of exercise, anabolic steroid use, or stress.
Pre-menopause
Slowed production of estrogen by ovaries
o Up to 10 years before menopause
o Change in menstrual patterns, sexual response
Menopause
Cessation of menstrual periods (for 1 year)
o Average age=51 years
o Most symptoms 2 years before and after
o Hot flashes-vary by person, ethnicity
Hormone Replacement Therapy
• Controversial
Increased rates (26%) of breast cancer in women taking HRTS
• Also found 29% more likely to have heart attack—especially over 60 years old
Increased risk of stroke, blood clots, memory—But HRTs associated with 35% reduction in colorectal cancer and decrease in hip fractures—how else could this be reduces? Colonoscopies
UTIs
Drink cranberry juice (helps prevent, but doesn’t cure it)
Urinate after intercourse
Why is it important to use a comdom if you have more than one partner? (2)
- Vaginal fluids are very acidic; semen is very alkaline and after intercourse, the pH of the vagina increases for several hours, making it susceptible to bacterial infections
- With regular partner vaginal pH adjusts rapidly, but with multiple partners, doesn’t adjust as rapidly so risk for infection increases rapidly (unless partner uses condom)
What do pap smears detect?
Cervical Cancer
What are most cervical cancers caused by?
Human Papiloma Virus
Percentage of college students with HPV
25%
Ovarian Cancer (3)
o Hard to detect
o Report any abdominal or pelvic pain, bloating, feeling full, difficulty eating that lasts for 3 weeks. Early detection is key.
o CA125 Blood tests may be useful, but both false positives, negative.
When should women start getting regular mammograms?
Age 40
Ovarian Cancer–Risks that you CAN impact: (6)
- Weight gain
- Avoid hormone replacement
- Exercise at least 30 minutes/day—brisk walking or better
- Limited exposure to pesticide, plastics, ect.
- Births before 30 and breastfeeding are protective
- Alcohol usage
Ovarian Cancer–Risk factors that are hard to impact: (5)
A. Age: average age of dx-62; highest rates in those over 70; overall risk-1 in 8
B. Family history—risk is 2x high if have first-degree relative
C. Genes: BRCA-1 or BRCA-2; 60% lifetime risk but only about 5% of cases
D. Breast Density
E. Menstrual periods (starting early, menopause late)
DCIS—hard to diagnose, can lead to
overtreatment
The penis
o Mostly composed of cylinders composed of sponge-like materials
o Sponge-like material engorged with blood when male sexually excited—leads to erection
o Muscle tissue is primarily at the base, and this helps with ejaculation
Foreskin
Covers all portions of glans
Circumcision of foreskin
Often early during infancy but may occur at different times in different cultures
• Historically no analgesia, but not realization that infants do feel pain and experiencing that pain can have long-lasting impacts. Still less than ½ receive anything for pain.
• Glans has greatest concentration of nerve endings—but men vary in terms of where they prefer to be stimulated.
The scrotom
Loose, except when moves closer to body when cold or during sexual activity (Protective? Sign of impending orgasm)
Testes
o Functions—secretions of sex hormones and production of semen
o Form in abdomen and migrate during fetal development to the scrotum
Cryptorchidism
One or more of testes fail to descend—most that will eventually descend do so in first 6 months—if not, medical intervention may be required (or infertility, testicular cancer may result)
Semen
Made of variety of compounds and not harmful to swallow unless male is HIV positive
o Taste of semen influenced by diet: diets high in fruits and veggies and low in meats tend to be sweeter.
Erections
Begin prenatally and occur during infancy (often during diaper changes)
o Nighttime erections occur primarily during REM (Dream) Sleep (and may lead to nocturnal emissions) or erections evident upon waking; Note: REM is not the same as stage 3 or 4 sleep
Ejaculations
o Can have orgasms without an ejaculation (pre-pubertal boys; men can also train themselves to do so—and then more likely to have a second orgasm); or, can have multiple orgasms by only the first has any significant ejaculate.
Two phases of ejaculation:
Emission and Expulsion
Penile Cancer
Rare, but deadly if not treated; risk factors include age, multiple sexual partners, STIs-especially genital warts, poor hygiene (smegma under foreskin), lack of circumcision.
Symptoms of Penile Cancer
Genital lesions, sores, penis pain, and bleeding from the penis (an indication of advanced disease)
Treatment of Penile Cancer
Removal of the cancerous area, chemo, radiation, in severe cases, removal of penis. Metastasizes early, so early detection important.
Testicular Cancer
Risk factors include abnormal testicle development, undescended testicles, Klinefelter syndrome; exposure to certain chemicals and HIV
Two types of testicular cancer?
• One slow-growing, that shows up primarily in 30s and 40s; sensitive to radiation
• One fast growing, (and several varieties of this)
Symptoms: lump or swelling in testicles, discomfort or pain in testicles, back, lower abdomen or scrotum.
Treatment: surgery, chemo, radiation
Prostate Cancer
2nd most frequently diagnosed cancer in men (skin cancer=1st)
Risk factors—over 50, African-American, painters, tire factory workers, exposure to cadmium, farmers; being vegetarian appears to be protective
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
Urinary issues, pain with ejaculation, lower back pain, pain with bowel movements, elevated PSA readings (though false positives possible and these also increase with age)
Treatment for Prostate Cancer
Surgery, radiation, hormonal treatments to lower testosterone levels, chemo
Biological Determinants of Sexual Anatomy(4)
- Genetic Sex (determined by sex chromosomes-XX, XY or variations)
- Gonadal Sex
- Hormonal Sex
- Internal & External Reproductive Structures
Hypothalamus
in mature adult males cause steady production of hormones; in females direct cyclical production of hormones
Men constantly produce hormones, women have produce them during periods.
Gonadal Sex
Develop as homologous sexual structures at 4-6 weeks, differentiated into testes (7th-8th weeks) or ovaries (11th-12th weeks); then begin to produce hormones that stimulate the development of internal and external structures.
Hormonal Sex
Ovaries produce estrogens and progestational compounds testes produce androgens
Internal & External Reproductive Structures
Will develop female structures unless male hormones are present, this is default.
Sex Chromosome Disorders–Female XO
Turner’s Syndrome, normal external structures, internal don’t fully develop.
Sex Chromosome Disorder–Male XXY
Klinefelter’s Syndrome, sterile and undersized genitalia.
Androgeny
High on both male and female qualities
Transgender
Appearance and/or behaviors don’t conform to traditional gender roles;
• If cross-dress just for sexual satisfaction, considered to be transvestites.
Intersexed
Posses biological attributes of both sexes (psuedohermaphrodites)
Male sex scripts
Sex is initiated by males, and that they are always ready for or accepting of.
Female sex script
They should not express interest in sex, should not initiate sex or have “too much” sex or be viewed negatively. Woman as “gatekeeper”
