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Human Sexuality > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sexual intelligence?(4)

A

o Understanding oneself sexually
o Having interpersonal sexual skills and integrity
o Involves having accurate scientific knowledge about sexuality
o Includes understanding the broader cultural, political, and legal contexts of sexual issues

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2
Q

Problems with sex surveys

A

Nonresponse and inaccuracy of response

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3
Q

NHSLS Study

A

Another big study that looked at sexual behaviors in the US more recently—
 Masturbation: Men 60%, Women 40%
 Extramarital Affairs: Men 24%, Women 15%
 Orgasm-always: Men 75%, Women 29%

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4
Q

Kinsey Report

A
  • Interviewed over 20,000 subjects in the 1940s and the 50s and gave people an idea of how frequently people masturbate, have premarital sex, extramarital sex etc.
  • Let people know how similar/dissimilar their behaviors are to others
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5
Q

External Female Structure

A

The vulva

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6
Q

Mons Veneris–Function of hair: (3)

A
  • Vaginal secretions associated with sexual arousal held there
  • Can enhance sexual pleasure; cushions during sexual activity may also trap bacteria, etc.
  • Helps prevent vaginal infections
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7
Q

Function of Clitoris

A

Only function appears to be sexual arousal/pleasure; stimulation is most common way that women experience orgasm

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8
Q

Clitoridectomy

A

(Removal of clitoris):Genital infibulations: clitoris and labia removed, vuvla stitched up; as text asks, is this tradition, or torture.

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9
Q

Female Internal Structure

A

Vagina

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10
Q

Grafenburg Spot

A

Front wall of vagina—sexual arousal, orgasm, and ejaculation

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11
Q

Douching

A

Leads to increased pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, increased susceptibility to infections (leading cause of vaginitis), transmission of HIV, ectopic pregnancy, decreased fertility.

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12
Q

What can feminine hygiene sprays cause?

A

Ovarian cancer

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13
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A

ectopic pregnancy-can be fatal if not treated immediately—ruptures tube and causes uncontrolled bleeding

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14
Q

Menarche

A

timing related to heredity, health, and altitude

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15
Q

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

A

• Related to drops in estrogen levels in the week prior to menstruation

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16
Q

PMDD Physical Symptoms

A

bloating, pain, food craving—decrease these with regular exercise, low salt intake, sexual activity.

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17
Q

PMDD Physological Symptoms

A

• Psycological Symptoms-irritability, depression, mood swings
o Control—SSRIs/Oral contraceptives help

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18
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation, primary cause over production of prostaglandins; secondary-endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease

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19
Q

Amenorrhea

A

never had period—primary cause-problems with reproductive organs, poor health; secondary-stopped having cycle, anorexia, high levels of exercise, anabolic steroid use, or stress.

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20
Q

Pre-menopause

A

Slowed production of estrogen by ovaries
o Up to 10 years before menopause
o Change in menstrual patterns, sexual response

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21
Q

Menopause

A

Cessation of menstrual periods (for 1 year)
o Average age=51 years
o Most symptoms 2 years before and after
o Hot flashes-vary by person, ethnicity

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22
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy

A

• Controversial
Increased rates (26%) of breast cancer in women taking HRTS
• Also found 29% more likely to have heart attack—especially over 60 years old
Increased risk of stroke, blood clots, memory—But HRTs associated with 35% reduction in colorectal cancer and decrease in hip fractures—how else could this be reduces? Colonoscopies

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23
Q

UTIs

A

Drink cranberry juice (helps prevent, but doesn’t cure it)

Urinate after intercourse

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24
Q

Why is it important to use a comdom if you have more than one partner? (2)

A
  • Vaginal fluids are very acidic; semen is very alkaline and after intercourse, the pH of the vagina increases for several hours, making it susceptible to bacterial infections
  • With regular partner vaginal pH adjusts rapidly, but with multiple partners, doesn’t adjust as rapidly so risk for infection increases rapidly (unless partner uses condom)
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25
Q

What do pap smears detect?

A

Cervical Cancer

26
Q

What are most cervical cancers caused by?

A

Human Papiloma Virus

27
Q

Percentage of college students with HPV

A

25%

28
Q

Ovarian Cancer (3)

A

o Hard to detect
o Report any abdominal or pelvic pain, bloating, feeling full, difficulty eating that lasts for 3 weeks. Early detection is key.
o CA125 Blood tests may be useful, but both false positives, negative.

29
Q

When should women start getting regular mammograms?

A

Age 40

30
Q

Ovarian Cancer–Risks that you CAN impact: (6)

A
  • Weight gain
  • Avoid hormone replacement
  • Exercise at least 30 minutes/day—brisk walking or better
  • Limited exposure to pesticide, plastics, ect.
  • Births before 30 and breastfeeding are protective
  • Alcohol usage
31
Q

Ovarian Cancer–Risk factors that are hard to impact: (5)

A

A. Age: average age of dx-62; highest rates in those over 70; overall risk-1 in 8
B. Family history—risk is 2x high if have first-degree relative
C. Genes: BRCA-1 or BRCA-2; 60% lifetime risk but only about 5% of cases
D. Breast Density
E. Menstrual periods (starting early, menopause late)
DCIS—hard to diagnose, can lead to
overtreatment

32
Q

The penis

A

o Mostly composed of cylinders composed of sponge-like materials
o Sponge-like material engorged with blood when male sexually excited—leads to erection
o Muscle tissue is primarily at the base, and this helps with ejaculation

33
Q

Foreskin

A

Covers all portions of glans

34
Q

Circumcision of foreskin

A

Often early during infancy but may occur at different times in different cultures
• Historically no analgesia, but not realization that infants do feel pain and experiencing that pain can have long-lasting impacts. Still less than ½ receive anything for pain.
• Glans has greatest concentration of nerve endings—but men vary in terms of where they prefer to be stimulated.

35
Q

The scrotom

A

Loose, except when moves closer to body when cold or during sexual activity (Protective? Sign of impending orgasm)

36
Q

Testes

A

o Functions—secretions of sex hormones and production of semen
o Form in abdomen and migrate during fetal development to the scrotum

37
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

One or more of testes fail to descend—most that will eventually descend do so in first 6 months—if not, medical intervention may be required (or infertility, testicular cancer may result)

38
Q

Semen

A

Made of variety of compounds and not harmful to swallow unless male is HIV positive
o Taste of semen influenced by diet: diets high in fruits and veggies and low in meats tend to be sweeter.

39
Q

Erections

A

Begin prenatally and occur during infancy (often during diaper changes)
o Nighttime erections occur primarily during REM (Dream) Sleep (and may lead to nocturnal emissions) or erections evident upon waking; Note: REM is not the same as stage 3 or 4 sleep

40
Q

Ejaculations

A

o Can have orgasms without an ejaculation (pre-pubertal boys; men can also train themselves to do so—and then more likely to have a second orgasm); or, can have multiple orgasms by only the first has any significant ejaculate.

41
Q

Two phases of ejaculation:

A

Emission and Expulsion

42
Q

Penile Cancer

A

Rare, but deadly if not treated; risk factors include age, multiple sexual partners, STIs-especially genital warts, poor hygiene (smegma under foreskin), lack of circumcision.

43
Q

Symptoms of Penile Cancer

A

Genital lesions, sores, penis pain, and bleeding from the penis (an indication of advanced disease)

44
Q

Treatment of Penile Cancer

A

Removal of the cancerous area, chemo, radiation, in severe cases, removal of penis. Metastasizes early, so early detection important.

45
Q

Testicular Cancer

A

Risk factors include abnormal testicle development, undescended testicles, Klinefelter syndrome; exposure to certain chemicals and HIV

46
Q

Two types of testicular cancer?

A

• One slow-growing, that shows up primarily in 30s and 40s; sensitive to radiation
• One fast growing, (and several varieties of this)
 Symptoms: lump or swelling in testicles, discomfort or pain in testicles, back, lower abdomen or scrotum.
 Treatment: surgery, chemo, radiation

47
Q

Prostate Cancer

A

2nd most frequently diagnosed cancer in men (skin cancer=1st)
Risk factors—over 50, African-American, painters, tire factory workers, exposure to cadmium, farmers; being vegetarian appears to be protective

48
Q

Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

A

Urinary issues, pain with ejaculation, lower back pain, pain with bowel movements, elevated PSA readings (though false positives possible and these also increase with age)

49
Q

Treatment for Prostate Cancer

A

Surgery, radiation, hormonal treatments to lower testosterone levels, chemo

50
Q

Biological Determinants of Sexual Anatomy(4)

A
  1. Genetic Sex (determined by sex chromosomes-XX, XY or variations)
  2. Gonadal Sex
  3. Hormonal Sex
  4. Internal & External Reproductive Structures
51
Q

Hypothalamus

A

in mature adult males cause steady production of hormones; in females direct cyclical production of hormones

Men constantly produce hormones, women have produce them during periods.

52
Q

Gonadal Sex

A

Develop as homologous sexual structures at 4-6 weeks, differentiated into testes (7th-8th weeks) or ovaries (11th-12th weeks); then begin to produce hormones that stimulate the development of internal and external structures.

53
Q

Hormonal Sex

A

Ovaries produce estrogens and progestational compounds testes produce androgens

54
Q

Internal & External Reproductive Structures

A

Will develop female structures unless male hormones are present, this is default.

55
Q

Sex Chromosome Disorders–Female XO

A

Turner’s Syndrome, normal external structures, internal don’t fully develop.

56
Q

Sex Chromosome Disorder–Male XXY

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome, sterile and undersized genitalia.

57
Q

Androgeny

A

High on both male and female qualities

58
Q

Transgender

A

Appearance and/or behaviors don’t conform to traditional gender roles;
• If cross-dress just for sexual satisfaction, considered to be transvestites.

59
Q

Intersexed

A

Posses biological attributes of both sexes (psuedohermaphrodites)

60
Q

Male sex scripts

A

Sex is initiated by males, and that they are always ready for or accepting of.

61
Q

Female sex script

A

They should not express interest in sex, should not initiate sex or have “too much” sex or be viewed negatively. Woman as “gatekeeper”

Human Sexuality (1 decks)

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